The clinical presentation of mesothelioma is rather insidious and a very late diagnosis is made in most patients due to the nonspecific nature of complaints [1] [2]. It is established that up to 4 months pass from the onset of symptoms before the tumor is recognized [3], which significantly reduces survival rates. Mesotheliomas are much more likely to occur in men, primarily due to its association with occupational exposure to asbestos and other known carcinogens (the male-to-female ratio is established at 5:1) [2] [4]. The clinical presentation depends on the location of the tumor, with the two main locations being the pleura (the most common) and the peritoneum [1] [2] [3] [4]. In the majority of cases suffering from pleural mesothelioma, a nonproductive cough that is often accompanied by dyspnea, fatigue, diaphoresis, and focal chest pain in some people are notable complaints [1] [2] [5]. Rarely, scoliosis toward the ipsilateral side or splinting may develop due to the expansive nature of the tumor [1]. Conversely, abdominal pain, swelling, anorexia, profound losses in body weight, as well as ascites are manifestations of peritoneal mesothelioma [3]. In some patients, the diagnosis is made incidentally [3].

• Fatigue

  In the majority of cases suffering from pleural mesothelioma, a nonproductive cough that is often accompanied by dyspnea, fatigue, diaphoresis, and focal chest pain in some people are notable complaints. [symptoma.com]

  […] symptoms: Abdominal pain, bowel irregularity, general fatigue, seizures Pericardial Symptoms include: Irregular heartbeat Shortness of breath Chest pain General fatigue Weight loss Diagnosis Many patients are diagnosed with mesothelioma after exhibiting [mesotheliomaguide.com]

  Pericardial mesothelioma symptoms include the following: Heart palpitations, irregular heartbeat Pain in the chest Inexplicable difficulty breathing (dyspnea) Sweating or fever Fatigue Because this form of mesothelioma so rarely affects patients, its [mesotheliomasymptoms.com]

  Temporary side effects include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and fatigue. The physician may prescribe medication to reduce the nausea and vomiting. [asbestosnetwork.com]

  Early signs of pleural mesothelioma include: Trouble breathing Long-lasting cough Pain under the rib cage or in the abdomen Pain while breathing Weight loss and fatigue Diagnosis Images may be taken of your bodily structures. [uvahealth.com]

• Soft Tissue Mass

  Surgical resectability was defined by tumor confined to one hemithorax without evidence of metastatic disease, or invasion of the chest wall (preservation of extrapleural fat planes, absence of extrapleural soft tissue masses, and absence of rib displacement [doi.org]

• Abdominal Pain

  Typical symptoms are nonspecific, such as a nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and localized chest pain in the case of pleural mesothelioma, whereas abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss, and swelling of the abdomen are reported with peritoneal tumors. [symptoma.com]

  Our patient presented with abdominal pain and surgery showed a large subserous mass (12.0 × 11.4 × 9.8 cm) combined with a small intramural solid nodule (2.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 cm), and multiple minute neoplastic growth on the ovary. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A chest wall mass, weight loss, sweating, abdominal pain and ascites (due to peritoneal involvement) are less common presentations. [orpha.net]

• Localized Chest Pain

  Typical symptoms are nonspecific, such as a nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and localized chest pain in the case of pleural mesothelioma, whereas abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss, and swelling of the abdomen are reported with peritoneal tumors. [symptoma.com]

• Vascular Disease

  diseases, surgery and trauma. [doi.org]

• Short Arm

  Deletion mapping of the short arm of chromosome 3 in human malignant mesothelioma. Genes Chromosom. Cancer 9, 76–80 (1994). 14. Murthy, S.S. & Testa, J.R. [nature.com]

• Scrotal Pain

  Most patients with WDPM suffer from scrotal pain or swelling, but hydrocele seems to be the most common presenting symptom. These lesions are usually not aggressive and are accompanied by an indolent clinical behavior. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Epididymal Mass

  Sonography revealed a large left paratesticular mass within the hydrocele. Serum tumor markers were negative. Left hydrocelectomy was performed and pathological analysis of the epididymal mass revealed a well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The diagnostic workup should start with a meticulous clinical assessment. A detailed history must cover the onset of symptoms and their progression, as well as occupational details and whether exposure to asbestos or other harmful chemicals exists. During the physical examination, dullness on percussion due to a pleural effusion or diminished breathing sounds may be detected in the case of pleural mesotheliomas [1], in which case imaging studies need to be employed. Although plain radiography is a useful first-line study for the evaluation of the chest, more advanced studies, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), mediastinoscopy, laparoscopy, and positron emission tomography (PET) are recommended, primarily because they are able to determine the stage and aid in designing the optimal therapeutic strategy [1] [2] [3] [6]. To make a definite diagnosis, however, a sample of the tumor must be obtained for a histopathological examination. Because pleural cytology is not useful in the case of mesothelioma, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), often guided by CT, or video-assisted thoracoscopy (which shows superior results compared to FNAB) are viable techniques that are used in practice [1] [2]. Immunohistochemical staining should include calretinin, as it carries a sensitivity rate of 95% and a specificity rate of 87% [2]. Other important markers are cytokeratin, mesothelin, and D2-40 [1] [2] [7].

• Pleural Exudate

  Lung cancer and malignant pleural exudate developed after a long latency cumulative retention time of asbestos fibers. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. [cancer.gov]

Includes causes, prevention, genetics, treatment options and clinical trials. Mayo Clinic: Mesothelioma Includes a description of mesothelioma and provides information about symptoms, causes, risk factors, complications, treatments and drugs. [curlie.org]

Prognosis, symptoms and treatment options vary by type. [asbestos.com]

Patients should discuss their individual case with a mesothelioma specialist to better understand their prognosis. Prognosis How a disease will progress. A prognosis can be good or bad and may have a survival time estimate. [mesothelioma.com]

A patient’s prognosis is often based on stage, cell type and their overall health. Women and younger patients have a better life expectancy than older men. There are several steps patients can take to improve their prognosis. [mesotheliomaguide.com]

Treatment can extend your prognosis by years. One pericardial mesothelioma patient lived 5 years after their diagnosis thanks to receiving targeted treatment. No matter your disease or prognosis,there may be hope. [mesotheliomaveterans.org]

More on Staging Prognosis The prognosis of mesothelioma or any other cancer depends on a number of variables. [survivingmesothelioma.com]

Etiology and pathogenesis of BCM remain unclear. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an inherited disorder characterized by episodes of fever, and abdominal, chest and/or joint inflammation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

(See Etiology, Presentation, and Workup.) [emedicine.com]

Key Words Asbestos Malignant Mesothelioma Chrysotile Asbestos-Related Diseases Environmental Epidemiology Occupational Epidemiology Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms SMR standardized mortality ratio View full text Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. [annalsofepidemiology.org]

Although SV40 can induce mesotheliomas in animals, in humans the epidemiologic data are against a causative role. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Although asbestos has been known for several decades to cause peritoneal mesothelioma, in addition to the pleural form of the disease [ 4 ], no detailed review of the epidemiological features of this disease has been published recently. descriptive epidemiology [web.archive.org]

↵ 2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Division of Epidemiology, American Health Foundation, 320 E. 43rd St., New York, NY 10017. Received October 18, 1990. [cancerres.aacrjournals.org]

Pathophysiology Eighty percent of MPM arises from the mesothelial lining of the parietal pleura. It is specifically unknown how asbestos induces MPM at the molecular level. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

Assessment of its results would provide solid evidence about the value of this approach in early diagnosis, and possibly stratification based on pathophysiological condition and cancer risk. [doi.org]

Includes causes, prevention, genetics, treatment options and clinical trials. Mayo Clinic: Mesothelioma Includes a description of mesothelioma and provides information about symptoms, causes, risk factors, complications, treatments and drugs. [curlie.org]

Treatment Pleural mesothelioma is usually treated with: Chemotherapy —use of drugs to kill cancer cells Radiation —use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors Surgery Combination of these three treatments Prevention The only known way to prevent [web.archive.org]

The only known way to prevent this cancer is to avoid asbestos or other fibers. [uvahealth.com]

Screening Prevention and Screening of Mesothelioma Avoiding exposure to asbestos is the most important way to reduce your risk of mesothelioma. [loyolamedicine.org]

Pemetrexed is often known by its brand name Alimta and works by preventing cancer cells from making DNA. However, chemotherapy is known to have serious side effects. [asbestos.net]

1. Mott FE. Mesothelioma: A Review. Ochsner J. 2012;12(1):70-79.
2. Porpodis K, Zarogoulidis P, Boutsikou E, et al. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: current and future perspectives. J Thorac Dis. 2013;5(Suppl 4): S397-S406.
3. Bridda A, Padoan I, Mencarelli R, Frego M. Peritoneal Mesothelioma: A Review. Medscape General Medicine. 2007;9(2):32.
4. Nasreen N, Khodayari N, Mohammed KA. Advances in malignant pleural mesothelioma therapy: targeting EphA2 a novel approach. Am J Cancer Res. 2012;2:222-234.
5. Muers MF, Stephens RJ, Fisher P, et al. Active symptom control with or without chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MS01): a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2008;371:1685-1694.
6. Pickhardt PJ, Bhalla S. Primary neoplasms of peritoneal and sub-peritoneal origin: CT findings. Radiographics. 2005;25:983–995.
7. Husain AN, Colby TV, Ordóñez NG, et al. Guidelines for pathologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma: a consensus statement from the International Mesothelioma Interest Group. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133(8):1317–1331.