Presented at: American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Annual Meeting; July 15-18, 2015; Long Beach, Calif. Disclosure: Aiyer reports no relevant financial disclosures. [healio.com]

Sadly and incorrectly, surgeons often feel that if a deformity is present, then they should perform surgery. Dr. Jay is a Professor of Foot and Ankle Orthopedics at Temple University. [podiatrytoday.com]

Foot manipulation technique was demonstrated to parents of stretching program group by using information sheet and video presentation (VDO) demonstration, illustrated by author or coauthor ( Figures 3 and 4 ). [journals.sagepub.com]

• Asymptomatic

  At this stage, “only a surgical procedure will correct the deformity,” maintains Bleck in his study.6 Interestingly, Rushforth states that 13 feet (10 percent) in his population exhibited asymptomatic residual deformity at the follow-up visit. [podiatrytoday.com]

  The frontal plane relationship of the forefoot to the rearfoot in an asymptomatic population. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1994; 20(4):200–6. 13 Wynne-Davies R. [ghrnet.org]

• Hunting

  J.Bone Joint Surg. 1986; 68A:1185-1196. 10 Cornwall MW, McPoil TG, Fisco WD, Hunt L, Lane C, ODonnell D. The relationship between forefoot alignment and rearfoot motion during walking. Australas J Podiatric Med 2004; 38(2):35–40. 11 Michaud TC. [ghrnet.org]

• Fracture

  […] of the Fifth Metatarsal Associated With Metatarsus Adductus. 38 Wamelink KE...Walrath SM 27066870 2016 33 Operative Treatment of Fifth Metatarsal Jones Fractures (Zones II and III) in the NBA. 38 O'Malley M...Williams R 26781131 2016 34 Corrigendum. [malacards.org]

  […] attention due to a few inappropriate poor articles that presented the problem as a negligible and self-resolving problem, in contrast to objective findings and long term complications which are reported like the hallux valgus, Lateral foot pains, stress fractures [unfo-med.com]

  These casts are used for thigh, knee, or lower leg fractures. They can also be used with knee dislocations or after surgery on the leg or knee area. Click Image to Enlarge Cast care instructions Keep the cast clean and dry. [laketahoesportsmed.com]

  These casts are used for thigh, knee, or lower leg fractures. They can also be used with knee dislocations or after surgery on the leg or knee area. [childrenswi.org]

• Short Legs

  The forefoot is manipulated into the correct position while the hindfoot is supported in the neutral position and a short leg cast is applied. The cast is changed at 1- to 2-week intervals until complete correction has been achieved. [patientcareonline.com]

  Post-Operative Regimen Cast maintained for 4 weeks then sutures were removed and weight bearing short-leg cast applied for more 3 weeks. Antibiotic continued to all patients for 72 hours. All patients discharged after postoperative day three. [alliedacademies.org]

• Foot Pain

  pains, stress fractures of 5 th metatarsus, pes cavus and disturbing skin warts, hammer toes, and shoe wear problems. [unfo-med.com]

• Back Pain

  Foot function and low back pain. Foot 1999; 9:175–80. 38 Alonso-Vázquez A, Villarroya MA, Franco MA, Asín J, Calvo B. Kinematic assessment of paediatric forefoot varus, Gait & Posture 2009; 29, 214–219. 39 Thompson GH, Richardson AB, Westin GW. [ghrnet.org]

• Low Back Pain

  Foot function and low back pain. Foot 1999; 9:175–80. 38 Alonso-Vázquez A, Villarroya MA, Franco MA, Asín J, Calvo B. Kinematic assessment of paediatric forefoot varus, Gait & Posture 2009; 29, 214–219. 39 Thompson GH, Richardson AB, Westin GW. [ghrnet.org]

• Suggestibility

  Suggestions may include side-lying positioning. In the rare instance that the foot does not respond to the stretching program, long leg casts may be applied. Casts are used to help stretch the soft tissues of the forefoot. [choc.org]

  Suggestions may include side-lying positioning. In rare instances, the foot does not respond to the stretching program, long leg casts may be applied. Casts are used to help stretch the soft tissues of the forefoot. [laketahoesportsmed.com]

  In 1973, Lichtblau[48] suggested a resection of the anterior end of the calcaneus. [ghrnet.org]

• Distractibility

  This suggests that the combination of an osteotomy with continuous soft-tissue distraction may be necessary to maintain the correction. [ghrnet.org]

• Tingling

  When to call your child's doctor Contact your child's doctor if your child develops one or more of the following symptoms: Increased pain Increased swelling above or below the cast Complaints of numbness or tingling Drainage or foul odor from the cast [laketahoesportsmed.com]

  Contact your child's physician if your child develops one or more of the following symptoms: fever greater than 101 degrees Fahrenheit increased pain increased swelling above or below the cast complaints of numbness or tingling drainage or foul odor from [childrenshospital.org]

  […] swelling When to call your child's physician: Contact your child's physician if your child develops one or more of the following symptoms: Fever greater than 101° F Increased pain Increased swelling above or below the cast Complaints of numbness or tingling [childrenswi.org]

• Neglect

  It seems to me that this disconnection from reality derives from the fact that neglected cases refer to podiatrist or orthopedist – orthotist for treatment at an older age, and are not followed by pediatricians or baby care givers who denied the problem [unfo-med.com]

  Grill and Fanke[59] advocated this method in 1987 for neglected club feet, but the only arthrogrypotic foot in their series had a complete relapse of the deformity. [ghrnet.org]

• Hyperactivity

  16 feet mild or mod deformity passively correctable, no treatment - 29 feet partially flexible or rigid treated manipulation or casting - good results in all the untreated feet - 90% good results of the casted feet No poor results DDx CTEV ITT / PFA Hyperactive [52.62.202.235]

• Confusion

  Other investigators have had a share in adding the confusion between the terms metatarsus adductus, serpentine metatarsus adductus, and S-shaped foot. [ghrnet.org]

• Stroke

  • The foot maintains an inward position when one strokes the lateral border. [podiatrytoday.com]

If treatment is needed, it depends on how easily the affected foot bends. The goal of treatment is to straighten the position of the forefoot and heel. Treatment may include: Observation. [lluch.org]

- approximately 85% will resolve spontaneously w/o treatment; - no specific treatment is necessary if the foot can be passively corrected past neutral; - some patients may benefit from passive stretching; - Denis Browne bar has been used liberally in [wheelessonline.com]

In the few children who require treatment, the treatment is usually successful. [choc.org]

Regardless of how much the forefoot turns inward, starting treatment immediately after birth improves your child's prognosis. [childrenshospital.org]

Expectations (prognosis) The outcome is almost always excellent. Nearly all patients eventually have a normal looking and working foot. Complications A small number of infants with metatarsus adductus may have developmental dislocation of the hip. [indiatoday.in]

Outlook (Prognosis) The outcome is almost always excellent. Almost all children will have a foot that works. Possible Complications A small number of infants with metatarsus adductus may have developmental dislocation of the hip. [pennstatehershey.adam.com]

Left foot affected more frequently than right More common in males Etiology and Pathophysiology Etiology of MA is not yet fully understood; most commonly attributed to increased intrauterine pressure, supported by increased incidence in twin gestation [unboundmedicine.com]

Cuboideonavicular Joint, Intercuneuform Joints, Cuneocuboid joint and the Calcaneocuboid Joint.[1] Forefoot is comprised of: Tarsometatarsal Jointts, Intermaetatarsal Joint, Metatarsophalangeal Joints and Interphalangeal Joints.[1] Epidemiology and Etiology [physio-pedia.com]

The etiology of metatarsus adductus is not fully understood at this point but there are a few theories. [podiatrytoday.com]

Juvenile hallux valgus: etiology and treatment. Foot Ankle Int 1995;16:682–697. [doi: 10.1177/107110079501601104] Martinelli N, Marinozzi A, Cancilleri F, Denaro V. [synapse.koreamed.org]

Undercorrection at the time of the initial surgery and medial displacement of the anterior part of the calcaneus and the navicular around the talus were considered to be etiological factors. [ghrnet.org]

Definition Metatarsus varus - adduction of the forefoot at the TMTJ Intrauterine positional deformity / packaging defect Epidemiology 1:1000 - M F - bilateral in 50% - 10% have CDH Aetiology Unclear Theories - intrauterine positioning defect - prone nursing [52.62.202.235]

Epidemiology Incidence MA occurs in 1 to 2 children per 1,000 live births. [unboundmedicine.com]

Epidemiology Most common congenital foot deformity : 1-2 per 1000 live births More common in female infants Left-side more commonly affected than right III. Cause In-utero confinement IV. [tripdatabase.com]

Association With Underlying Metatarsus Adductus Deformity. 38 Shibuya N...Thorud JC 28173718 2017 18 Acceptability and Practicality of the Turkish Translation of Pediatric Gait Arm Legs and Spine in Turkish Children. 38 Batu ED...Ozen S 28926470 2017 19 DDH Epidemiology [malacards.org]

Cuneonavicular Joint, Cuboideonavicular Joint, Intercuneuform Joints, Cuneocuboid joint and the Calcaneocuboid Joint.[1] Forefoot is comprised of: Tarsometatarsal Jointts, Intermaetatarsal Joint, Metatarsophalangeal Joints and Interphalangeal Joints.[1] Epidemiology [physio-pedia.com]

Left foot affected more frequently than right More common in males Etiology and Pathophysiology Etiology of MA is not yet fully understood; most commonly attributed to increased intrauterine pressure, supported by increased incidence in twin gestation [unboundmedicine.com]

Pathophysiology Affects Lisfranc Joint Adduction of s with foot inversion Results in V. [tripdatabase.com]

Genetics No known genetic link in most cases of MA One case study of MA in brothers with Aarskog-Scott syndrome Higher incidence if sibling has MA Risk Factors First pregnancy Twin gestation Oligohydramnios General Prevention No known preventative measures [unboundmedicine.com]

Preventive health Disease prevention and early detection targeting specific areas such as obesity, physical activity, sexual health and heart disease. Radiation The department administers the Radiation Act 2005. [www2.health.vic.gov.au]

Cover the cast while your child is eating to prevent food spills and crumbs from entering the cast. Prevent small toys or objects from being put inside the cast. Elevate the cast above the level of the heart to decrease swelling. [laketahoesportsmed.com]

[…] corrects the deformity After 6 - 8 months, the deformity is so rigid and the child so strong that cast correction is nearly impossible The heel must be held in varus with the fulcrum for forefoot correction at the cuboid laterally A bent long leg cast prevents [orthopaedicsone.com]