Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS), is a disorder with abnormal neuronal migration during brain development due to an underlying deletion at chromosome 17p13.3 [1]. This rare disease features classic lissencephaly (smooth brain), which is characterized by agyria (absence of brain convolutions) or frontal pachygyria (few brain convolutions) [1]. MDS also consists of microcephaly and profound facial dysmorphisms such as a prominent forehead, bitemporal hollowing, down-slanting palpebral fissures, short nose accompanied by upturned nares, protuberant upper lip, downturned vermillion border, and micrognathia [2] [3]. Occasionally, other anomalies like congenital heart malformations, genitourinary defects, and omphalocele may also be present [4] [5].

MDS is associated with a very poor prognosis. Affected children have severe developmental retardation and are at risk of dying within a few years of life [2] [3]. Complications include severe neurologic and mental delay, epilepsy, growth restriction, as well as trouble with feeding [2] [6].

• Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

  Recurrent urinary tract infections were diagnosed during routine out-patient department follow-up. Urodynamic study disclosed a neurogenic bladder. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dolichocephaly

  Retrospective analysis showed a prenatal scan reporting dolichocephaly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Axillary Freckling

  The mother had café-au-lait spots, and axillary freckling. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Unilateral Ptosis

  The proband was determined at birth owing to the presence of multiple congenital anomalies, including low birth weight, microcephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, lissencephaly, cerebral atrophy, unilateral ptosis, polydactyly, and omphalocele. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Reduced Fetal Movement

  History of polyhydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation and reduced fetal movements are associated with MDS. [ijcasereportsandimages.com]

• Psychomotor Retardation

  She underwent surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus after birth; during development, she displayed psychomotor retardation, language impairment, and short stature. [elsevier.es]

  retardation and infant death. [eyewiki.aao.org]

• Upturned Nares

  All had severe type I lissencephaly with grossly normal cerebellum and a distinctive facial appearance consisting of prominent forehead, bitemporal hollowing, short nose with upturned nares, protuberant upper lip, thin vermilion border, and small jaw. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  However, hypotonia and abnormal facial morphology including prominent forehead, a short nose with upturned nares and protuberant upper lip were developed gradually as he got older. [synapse.koreamed.org]

  MDS also consists of microcephaly and profound facial dysmorphisms such as a prominent forehead, bitemporal hollowing, down-slanting palpebral fissures, short nose accompanied by upturned nares, protuberant upper lip, downturned vermillion border, and [symptoma.com]

  Miller-Dieker syndrome: A congenital malformation syndrome characterized by lissencephaly ("smooth brain") and a characteristic facial appearance with a prominent forehead with bitemporal hollowing, short nose with upturned nares, thickened upper lip [medicinenet.com]

An infant with the clinical presentation discussed above or a fetus with suspicious findings observed on prenatal ultrasonography warrants a full workup that consists of patient/fetal and family history, a detailed physical exam of the infant, and the appropriate studies discussed below.

Prenatal testing

Obstetric ultrasonography can detect MDS prenatally if performed during late second trimester or later by an experienced operator [1]. Ultrasound scans on fetuses with this disease reveal findings such as a smooth gyral pattern consistent with lissencephaly, ventriculomegaly, other brain abnormalities, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and polyhydramnios [7] [8]. Additionally, congenital anomalies such as omphalocele and heart defects are also identified prenatally [5].

Amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and subsequent cytogenic analysis can confirm the diagnosis in a fetus suspected to have MDS.

Postnatal imaging

A study reviewing brain computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of affected infants demonstrate features such as smooth cerebral hemispheres and a remarkable figure of eight appearance [3]. Frequent findings include a thickened cortex, enlarged cavum septi pellucidi, and diminished or absent corpus callosum [3]. Furthermore, enlarged ventricles and midline calcifications may also be observed [3]. Another study also reported lissencephaly and agenesis of the corpus callosum on CT imaging [9].

Cytogenetic analysis

Patients suspected to have MDS should undergo chromosomal analysis with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in order to confirm the deletion of the 17p13.3 locus. MDS is associated with multiple genes including LIS1, YWHAE, and CRK in addition to contiguous genes that would contribute to the manifestations of severe forms of the disease [10] [11].

Other

Distinct electroencephalogram (EEG) results associated with MDS include abnormally high amplitude,and rhythmic slow activities [9].

• Rhythmic Slowing

  Other Distinct electroencephalogram (EEG) results associated with MDS include abnormally high amplitude,and rhythmic slow activities. [symptoma.com]

1. Fong KW, Ghai S, Toi A, et al. Prenatal ultrasound findings of lissencephaly associated with Miller-Dieker syndrome and comparison with pre- and postnatal magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;24(7):716-23.
2. Atwal PS, Macmurdo C. A Case of Concurrent Miller-Dieker Syndrome (17p13.3 Deletion) and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Pediatr Genet. 2015;4(4):201-203.
3. Dobyns WB, Curry CJR, Hoyme HE, Turlington L, Ledbetter DH. Clinical and molecular diagnosis of Miller–Dieker syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1991;48(3): 584–594.
4. Dobyns WB, Stratton RF, Greenberg F. Syndromes with lissencephaly 1: Miller–Dieker and Norman–Robert syndromes and isolated lissencephaly. Am J Med Genet. 1984;18(3):509–526.
5. Chitayat D, Toi A, Babul R, et al. Omphalocele in Miller–Dieker syndrome: expanding the phenotype. Am J Med Genet. 1997;69(3): 293–298.
6. Cardoso C, Leventer RJ, Ward HL, et al. Refinement of a 400-kb critical region allows genotypic differentiation between isolated lissencephaly, Miller-Dieker syndrome, and other phenotypes secondary to deletions of 17p13.3. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(4):918–30.
7. Saltzman DH, Krauss CM, Goldman JM, Benaceraff BR. Prenatal diagnosis of lissencephaly. Prenat Diagn. 1991;11(3):139–143.
8. McGahan JP, Grix A, Gerscovich EO. Prenatal diagnosis of lissencephaly—Miller–Dieker syndrome. J Clin ultrasound. 1994;22(9):560–563.
9. Sharief N, Craze J, Summers D, Butler L, Wood CB. Miller-Dieker syndrome with ring chromosome 17. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66(6):710-2.
10. Ghai S, Fong KW, Toi A, et al. Prenatal US and MR imaging findings of lissencephaly: review of fetal cerebral sulcal development. Radiographics. 2006;26(2):389-405.
11. Toyo-oka K, Shionoya A, Gambello MJ, et al. 14–3-3ε is important for neuronal migration by binding to NUDEL: a molecular explanation for Miller-Dieker syndrome. Nat Genet. 2003;34(3):274-85.