Presentation
Intellectual disability is subdivided into syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral signs and symptoms are present, and non-syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual [encyclopedia.uia.org]
When such a situation arises for many persons with mental retardation, this indicates that the present model is not applicable to this population; however, when the capacity estimates of persons with moderate mental retardation are reliable, this implies [archive-ouverte.unige.ch]
The present study examined possible long-term effects of iron deficiency anemia on academic functioning in a sample of children at risk for inadequate nutrition. [academic.oup.com]
The aim of the present study was to survey the extent and variation of the social network of 24 adults with moderate mental retardation. [dinf.ne.jp]
Joint hyperextensibility and pectus excavatum might be present. Secondary sexual development and testicular size is normal. There is hypernasality, without velopharyngeal incompetence or palatal clefting. Seizures are present in some patients. [ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Entire Body System
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Pain
[…] pertaining to the mind. 2. pertaining to the chin. mental disorder any clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome characterized by distressing symptoms, significant impairment of functioning, or significantly increased risk of death, pain [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
This is because reflux causes heartburn-like pain. The pain is worse when lying down. It is likely that belly pain associated with gastrointestinal problems worsens the behavior problems seen in autism spectrum disorders. [ceufast.com]
Counseling can also be valuable for the family of a retarded child to help parents cope with painful feelings about the child's condition, and with the extra time and patience needed for the care and education of a special-needs child. [psychology.jrank.org]
Acute lactic acidosis Leigh syndrome MELAS MERF MIRAS Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Depending on the type of tissues affected, symptoms may include: loss of motor control muscle weakness and pain respiratory complications gastro-intestinal disorders [intechopen.com]
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Weight Gain
Nutr Behav 1983 ; 1 : 137 – 46. 4 Treatment with iron increases weight gain and psychomotor development. Arch Dis Child 1986 ; 61 : 849 – 57. 5 Learning achievement and behavior at school of anemic and non-anemic infants. [academic.oup.com]
These include: Short stature Poor motor skills Weight gain Underdeveloped sex organs Mild mental retardation and learning disabilities Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy. [courses.lumenlearning.com]
Features in “young” sporadic and familial cases indicating creatine deficiency are short stature, low weight gain and poor muscle build, hypotonia, movement disorder (extrapyramidal/spasticity), seizures, behavior and expressive language problems, and [latunisiemedicale.com]
Reporting issues with appetite, weight gain and loss, choking, or food intolerances is extremely important. The longer a nutrition problem goes unmanaged, the more serious are the consequences. [ceufast.com]
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Poor Growth
In response to the high rate of iron deficiency anemia and poor growth among low-income children, a federal effort to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency, the Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), was started in 1973 [academic.oup.com]
[…] syndrome MELAS MERF MIRAS Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Depending on the type of tissues affected, symptoms may include: loss of motor control muscle weakness and pain respiratory complications gastro-intestinal disorders and swallowing difficulties poor [intechopen.com]
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Inflammation
In that age group, it is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, joint and bone infections, and throat inflammations. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
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Anemia
anemia on child development have become apparent. [academic.oup.com]
Respiratoric
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Pneumonia
In that age group, it is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, joint and bone infections, and throat inflammations. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
It has also been linked to pneumonia. This is because, without good oral care, bacteria grows in the mouth and can get aspirated into the lungs. [ceufast.com]
Cardiovascular
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Hypertension
Maternal infections: Rubella, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus infection, syphilis, HIV Exposure to: Radiation and Rh incompatibility Complications of Pregnancy: Pregnancy induced hypertension, ante partum hemorrhage, placental dysfunction Maternal Disease [vikaspedia.in]
When the mother has high blood pressure ( hypertension ) or blood poisoning (toxemia), the flow of oxygen to the fetus may be reduced, causing brain damage and mental retardation. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Five of 9 patients with AGTR2 mutations had seizures and, with the exception of 1 patient, they were not hypertensive. The mental retardation ranged from moderate to severe. Two patients also showed autistic behavior. [latunisiemedicale.com]
Eyes
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Visual Impairment
Within the framework of the project, videotelephones were tried out for persons with functional impairments, such as deaf and hearing impaired, visually impaired, mentally retarded and elderly persons. [dinf.ne.jp]
Fetus
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Increased Birth Weight
Participation in the WIC program has resulted in improved nutritional status and increased birth weight among low-income children ( 16 ). However, the program's overall effectiveness is not yet clear ( 17 ). [academic.oup.com]
Musculoskeletal
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Muscle Weakness
[…] of appetite, lethargy, neuromuscular irritability, hypothermia Propionic Acidemia Mental retardation, seizures, movement disorders, coma, sudden death Methylmalonic Acidemias Lethargy, vomiting and dehydration, respiratory distress, muscle weakness, [intechopen.com]
Neurologic
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Cognitive Impairment
Children who have a neurological disorder or illness such as encephalitis or meningitis may suddenly show signs of cognitive impairment and adaptive difficulties. [vikaspedia.in]
Children who have a neurological disorder or illness such as encephalitis or meningitis may suddenly show signs of cognitive impairment and adaptive difficulties. Mental retardation varies in severity. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Perhaps a different choice of words—such as cognitively impaired'—would be more appropriate.” Response: We did not adopt these suggestions. [federalregister.gov]
MR can be part of a complex cognitive impairment in disorders caused by deregulations in imprinted genes. [intechopen.com]
Among persons with borderline/mild, moderate and severe mental retardation there were progressive decreases in the proportion of residents reported to be independent in performance of activities of daily living as the reported severity of cognitive impairment [aspe.hhs.gov]
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Neglect
Sex education for neglected youth: Retarded, handicapped, emotionally disturbed, and learning disabled. Family Planning Education for Adolescents. (A report for the National Commission on Population Growth and the American Future). [journals.sagepub.com]
Screening is particularly critical for those children who may be neglected or undernourished or may live in disease-producing conditions. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Severe head injury, near-drowning, extreme malnutrition, infections in the brain, exposure to toxic substances such as lead, and severe neglect or abuse can also cause it. None of the above. [webmd.com]
Causes Edit Edit The lack of mental stimulation and other forms of parental neglect during the early years of development can have severe long term consequences on intellectual performance.can have a Genetic causes Edit Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome [psychology.wikia.org]
Sarah neglected to get off at the stop in front of the grocery store. She looked out of the window but did not recognize the streets that went by because she usually did not ride that part of the bus route. She began to weep. [ceufast.com]
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Speech Disorder
skin rashes, hair loss, hearing loss, mental retardation 2-Methyl-3- Hydroxybutyryl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency Developmental delay 3-Methylglutaconyl CoA Hydratase Deficiency Delayed motor development, short attention span, delayeddevelopment of speech [intechopen.com]
Workup
Serum
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Iron Increased
Nutr Behav 1983 ; 1 : 137 – 46. 4 Treatment with iron increases weight gain and psychomotor development. Arch Dis Child 1986 ; 61 : 849 – 57. 5 Learning achievement and behavior at school of anemic and non-anemic infants. [academic.oup.com]
Treatment
Improvement in the mental development scores of nonanemic, iron-deficient infants after short-term, intramuscular treatment with iron was also reported ( 15 ). [academic.oup.com]
For children under the age of three, many states have established early intervention programs that assess, recommend, and begin treatment programs. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
F70.1 Mild mental retardation, significant impairment of behaviour requiring attention or treatment F70.8 Mild mental retardation, other impairments of behaviour F70.9 Mild mental retardation without mention of impairment of behaviour F71 Moderate mental [www0.sun.ac.za]
Discuss your child's treatment and support options with your health care provider or social worker so that you can help your child reach their full potential. [medlineplus.gov]
TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES Treatments for ID generally fall into three main categories: (1) treatments that address or mitigate any underlying cause of ID, such as restricting phenylalanine in the diet of patients who have phenylketonuria; (2) treatments [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Prognosis
_ VEP (only occasionally needed) _ Have realistic expectations, but give the special needs patients full consideration Clinical decisions for special populations _ Strabismus prognosis is generally poor _ Vision therapy can be useful and effective in [umsl.edu]
Prognosis Individuals with mild to moderate mental retardation are frequently able to achieve some self-sufficiency and to lead happy and fulfilling lives. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Prognosis Most reports describe patients at adolescent and young adult age. Special attention should be given to comorbidity and behavioural problems. Unresolved questions Thus far, the genetic defect and the mechanism is unknown. [ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
When it is connected with fetal developmental deviations, the prognosis depends on the infant's general condition. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Etiology
Recognize the importance of obtaining a detailed family history (three generations) as part of the etiologic evaluation of mental retardation. Know the mechanism of inheritance for Fragile X. [pedsinreview.aappublications.org]
The etiological factors are both biological and psychosocial. In approximately 30%-40% of individuals seen in clinical settings, no clear etiology for the Mental Retardation can be determined despite extensive evaluation efforts. [courses.lumenlearning.com]
_ Communication _ Self-help; self-direction _ Social/interpersonal skills _ Functional academic skills _ Work _ Safety MR- etiology _ Idiopathic (30-40%) _ Genetic (5%) _ Fragile X, Down _ Embryonic development (30%) _ Down syndrome, Fetal alcohol syndrome [umsl.edu]
Many cases of ID in the population are of unknown etiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
For some participants the etiology of the mental retardation was a genetic chromosomal disorder or other prenatal or postnatal disorders, although for the majority the etiology was diagnosed as unknown. [ajp.psychiatryonline.org]
Epidemiology
University of Miami, 1993. 23 Modern epidemiology. Boston : Little, Brown, 1986. 24 Epidemiology: principles and methods. Boston : Little, Brown, 1970. 25 Iron status of children with elevated blood lead concentrations. [academic.oup.com]
Links: epidemiology aetiology clinical features multiplicy of handicaps differential diagnosis preventive measures services mental handicap [gpnotebook.com]
Epidemiology The prevalence in the general population is not known. The Lujan-Fryns syndrome affects predominantly males. [ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
(Mental Retardation, 2009) Epidemiology Testing for MR has become increasingly improved over the years. New testing has come about biotechnological progress such as antenatal and neonatal screenings are some of these new types of testing. [courses.lumenlearning.com]
In a review of epidemiological studies, McClaren and Bryson (1987) report the prevalence of mental retardation at 1.25 percent, based on total population screening. Among school-age children, the U.S. [nap.edu]
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiological processes of MR in the human brain are very complex and, have most probably started already in early pregnancy. [latunisiemedicale.com]
Prevention
Newborn screening and immediate treatment for PKU and hyperthyroidism can usually catch these disorders early enough to prevent retardation. Good prenatal care can also help prevent retardation. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]
Preventive measures Some types of mental retardation can be prevented through genetic counseling to determine the risk of a couple having a retarded baby. [psychology.jrank.org]
Conclusion: These findings support the proposition that efforts to prevent mild and moderate mental retardation should include providing children with adequate nutrition during early childhood. [academic.oup.com]
Preventing these diseases reduces the risk. For example, rubella syndrome can be prevented through vaccination. Avoiding exposure to cat feces that can cause toxoplasmosis during pregnancy helps reduce disability from this infection. [medlineplus.gov]
Links: epidemiology aetiology clinical features multiplicy of handicaps differential diagnosis preventive measures services mental handicap [gpnotebook.com]