The European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society have established diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for physicians dealing with MMN patients [13]. According to these guidelines, there are two clinical core criteria:

• MMN patients present with a progressive, asymmetric limb weakness. Here, the term asymmetric refers to a difference in muscle strength that becomes more pronounced as the disease progresses. Disease progression is usually slow, and diagnostic delays of several years are not uncommon. Initially, fatigue may be the most striking symptom.
• Although MMN patients may experience minor vibration sense anomalies, other sensory deficits allow to rule out MMN as a differential diagnosis. In this regards, an overlap of MMN and multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy has been reported [14].

In most cases, the patient's arms are more severely affected than their legs. Onset of weakness is most commonly in distal arms (61%) or distal legs (34%) [15]. Tendon reflexes in the respective limbs are often blunted or even absent, but brisk reflexes have also been noted. The distribution of motor deficits generally corresponds to innervation areas of individual peripheral nerves. Compromise of one single nerve is not characteristic of MMN. Despite mild muscle wasting due to inactivity, the muscle tone remains unaltered and fasciculations or cramps may be observed. Because MMN patients respond well to intravenous immunoglobulin, the latter may serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic measure.

Cranial nerve palsies are not characteristic of MMN, although compromise of the abducens and hypoglossal nerves has been described [16]. Furthermore, upper motor neuron signs, marked bulbar involvement,and diffuse symmetric weakness have been defined as exclusion criteria [13].

• Weakness

  Electrophysiologically, there is a persistent conduction block in motor nerves. multifocal motor neuropathy An asymmetrical motor weakness occasionally found in middle-aged men. See also: neuropathy [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Weakness of respiratory muscles is very rare. [15] Weakness frequently worsens with exposure to cold. [16] Muscles innervated by motor nerves with persistent conduction block are usually weak. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Natural history • Asymmetry weakness (in the distribution of single peripheral nerves) • No muscle atrophy (weakness derives from CB rather than axonal loss) • There is slow progression with time to a more confluent and segmental pattern – may be difficult [slideshare.net]

  Multifocal motor neuropathy is a rare immune-mediated neuropathy characterized by progressive asymmetric weakness and atrophy without sensory abnormalities. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fatigue

  This study is the first to show that activity-dependent conduction block plays a role in human disease by causing muscle fatigue. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It is a progressive disorder, most patients eventually developing severe fatigue and weakness in the arm muscles that severely impair daily functioning and quality of life. [touchneurology.com]

  Symptom onset is usually in distal arms or distal legs, but progression is slow and patients may not complain of any symptoms other than fatigue for prolonged periods of time. [symptoma.com]

  […] breathing or skin rashes; decreased kidney function or kidney failure; blood clots in the heart, brain, lungs or elsewhere in the body; severe headache, drowsiness, fever, painful eye movements, or nausea and vomiting; dark colored urine, swelling, fatigue [myigsource.com]

• Fever

  The authors report the first case of MMN complicating dengue fever in a previously healthy male from Sri Lanka. Thus it should be borne in mind that although rare, MMN can occur as a post-infectious complication of dengue fever. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Conclusion The authors report the first case of MMN complicating dengue fever in a previously healthy male from Sri Lanka. Thus it should be borne in mind that although rare, MMN can occur as a post-infectious complication of dengue fever. [bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com]

  Fever over 100ºF. This could be a sign of an infection. [myigsource.com]

  When she took antibiotics she frequently experienced chills, sweats and low grade fevers followed by worsening of weakness which did not recover with continued therapy or with cessation of therapy. [lymemd.blogspot.com]

• Amyloidosis

  Secondary amyloidosis refers to the deposition of amyloid in various tissues due to an underlying chronic inflammatory state. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A separate category is motor neuropathies associated with other causes, including those with amyloidosis. [medlink.com]

  Amyloidosis: review of 236 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1975 ;54: 271 –99. 2. Kyle RA, Greipp PR.. Amyloidosis: clinical and laboratory features in 229 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1983 ;58: 665 –83. 3. Kelly JJ Jr, Kyle RA, O'Brien PC, Dyck PJ.. [nejm.org]

  Rison and Deborah Commins, Secondary amyloidosis as a life‐ending event in multifocal motor neuropathy, Muscle & Nerve, 24, 10, (1396-1402), (2001). David S. Saperstein, Jonathan S. Katz, Anthony A. Amato and Richard J. [doi.org]

• Muscle Weakness

  Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Acronyms, Encyclopedia. multifocal motor neuropathy an acquired, autoimmune neuropathy characterized by progressive, asymmetric muscle weakness, affecting especially the arms, with little or no sensory deficit. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Her disease was difficult to manage with various immunosuppressants, and the muscle weakness eventually progressed to involve the respiratory muscles, necessitating mechanical ventilation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The muscles on one side of the body that are affected may be different from the muscle affected on the other side of the body (asymmetrical muscle weakness). [rarediseases.org]

• Muscular Atrophy

  In the first patient the symptoms were slowly progressive with bulbar muscle impairment, generalized weakness, muscular atrophy with cramps and fasciculations. [moh-it.pure.elsevier.com]

  Abstract Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) are associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy or the presence IgM anti-GM1-antibodies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Control groups included CIDP, sporadic progressive spinal muscular atrophy (PSMA), and chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP). [dx.doi.org]

• Muscle Cramp

  Discussion: Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN) is an acquired autoimmune demyelinating neuropathy with slowly progressive weakness, fasciculation, and muscle cramping without loss of sensation. [shmabstracts.com]

  Signs and symptoms of MMN include weakness in the hands and lower arms; muscle cramping; involuntary muscle contractions or twitching; and wasting of the involved muscles. The leg muscles may also be affected in some people. [medicinenet.com]

  Multifocal motor neuropathy is a progressively worsening nerve disease that affects the nerves to the muscles and thus causes weakness and cramping in muscles. The muscles can also have twitching and wasting. [autoimmunesociety.org]

  Weakness is typically more pronounced than would be suggested by the degree of muscle atrophy present. Affected patients also complain of muscle cramps and fasciculations. Tendon reflexes are reduced in affected regions. [mmcneuro.wordpress.com]

• Muscle Twitch

  These are the nerves that bring about and control the movement of the muscles. MMN affects the delivery of nerve signals, leading to weakness in the upper limbs, cramps and muscle twitching. In most cases, MMN is diagnosed during middle age. [medic8.com]

  Symptoms[edit] Usually beginning in one or both hands, MMN is characterized by weakness, muscle atrophy, cramping, and often profuse fasciculations (muscle twitching). [en.wikipedia.org]

• Muscle Spasm

  The most common adverse reactions (observed in ≥5% of subjects) during infusion with GAMMAGARD LIQUID were headache, chest discomfort, muscle spasms, muscular weakness, nausea, oropharyngeal pain, and pain in extremity. [news-medical.net]

  […] accumulation 0004345 Increased CSF protein 0002922 Limb muscle weakness Limb weakness 0003690 Limited wrist extension 0006251 Motor conduction block 0012078 Muscle spasm 0003394 Progressive muscle weakness 0003323 Reduced tendon reflexes 0001315 Weakness [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

• Incontinence

  There was no associated neck/back pain or bladder/bowel incontinence. He did not complain of difficulty in breathing, diplopia, dysphagia, nasal regurgitation, dysarthria or fatigability. [bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com]

• Limb Weakness

  Multifocal motor neuropathy is a disorder characterized by slowly progressive asymmetrical limb weakness and multiple motor conduction blocks. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  BACKGROUND: Multifocal motor neuropathy is rare disorder characterized as painless persistent limb weakness. Focal limb weakness is common in MMN but has also been reported less commonly in CIDP. [n.neurology.org]

  The resultant conduction block causes progressive limb weakness and differentiates this entity from clinically similar diseases. [symptoma.com]

• Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  The clinical picture and course of time of the illness allowed the diagnosis of a Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Barré- syndrom og dets kroniske form, kronisk inflammatorisk demyelinerende polyradiculoneuropati. [mymemory.translated.net]

  Electrophysiological studies in the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 1981 ; 9 (suppl) : 20 –7. Van Der Méché FG A, Meulstee J, Vermeulen M, et al. Patterns of conduction failure in the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Brain 1988 ; 111 : 405 –16. [jnnp.bmj.com]

• Foot Drop

  Clinically, it is characterized by slowly progressive asymmetrical predominantly distal weakness; unilateral wrist drop, grip weakness, and foot drop are the commonest initial manifestations. [thieme-connect.com]

  Wrist drop and foot drop (leading to trips and falls) are common symptoms. Other effects can include gradual loss of finger extension, leading to a clawlike appearance. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Mononeuropathy

  The mononeuropathy multiplex progresses over time with increasing axonal loss. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Mononeuropathy Damage to a single peripheral nerve is called mononeuropathy. Physical injury or trauma such as from an accident is the most common cause. [webmd.com]

  […] differentiate the disorder from ALS (purely motor but with UMN signs), the Lewis-Sumner Syndrome variant of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) (similar to MMN but usually with significant sensory loss), and “vasculitis” (a type of multiple mononeuropathy [biofusioninc.com]

• Hyperreflexia

  Atrophy may be present, but hyperreflexia and spasticity are not seen. Electrophysiological studies reveal motor conduction blocks at sites not prone to compression with normal sensory responses. Immunoglobulin M anti-GM1 titers may be elevated. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Oshima et al. investigated patients with hyperreflexia who exhibited paralysis with CB. [marmaramedicaljournal.org]

  MMN can usually be distinguished from ALS by its more slowly progressive disease course, the absence of upper-motor-neuron signs such as spasticity and hyperreflexia and the lack of difficulty with speech and swallowing. [mmcneuro.wordpress.com]

  Upper motor neuron signs (spasticity, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar response). [clinicaltrials.gov]

  E.4Principal exclusion criteria A potential subject who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study: (1) Bulbar signs or symptoms. (2) Upper motor neuron signs (spasticity, hyperreflexia, extensor plantar response [clinicaltrialsregister.eu]

According to the aforecited guidelines, the diagnosis of MMN is based on the patient's clinical presentation and the result of electrophysiological studies. With regards to the latter, a demonstration of conduction blocks greatly supports the tentative diagnosis of MMN. To this end, compound muscle action potential (CMAP) negative peak area reductions of more than 50% are highly indicative of a conduction block if accompanied by CMAP negative peak amplitudes of >1 mV and >20% of the lower limit of normal [13]. The former value is obtained after evaluating responses to proximal and distal nerve stimulation; the latter is based on stimulation of the distal part of the nerve segment. Additionally, proximal to distal increases of negative peak CMAP duration do not usually exceed 30% in MMN patients. Less pronounced reductions of CMAP negative peak areas or greater increases of negative peak CMAP duration may also indicate an MMN-associated conduction block.

Blood samples should be obtained to assess concentrations of autoantibodies directed against GM1 and GM2. Although such tests are of low sensitivity, detection of high titers facilitates the diagnosis of MMN. Low titers are non-specific and may also be detected in patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and other neuropathies. Antibody titers do not usually correlate with disease severity, and are largely inadequate monitoring tools [17]. In this context, muscle strength has been shown to increase as soon as the concentrations of autoantibodies diminish. Additional diagnostic measures may include laboratory analyses of cerebrospinal fluid (normal cell counts, total protein <1 g/l) and magnetic resonance imaging of the brachial plexus (diffuse nerve swelling observable in T2-weighted images). Nerve biopsies are not usually indicated, unless doubts remain as to a more severe differential diagnosis.

• Colitis

  The anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF] monoclonal antibody, infliximab, is commonly prescribed in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] prognosis in multifocal motor neuropathy. ( 30746851 ) 2019 2 Quality of life in patients with multifocal motor neuropathy from Serbia. ( 30818075 ) Bozovic I...Stevic Z 2019 3 Multifocal motor neuropathy following treatment with adalimumab for ulcerative colitis [malacards.org]

Intravenous immunoglobulin is indicated in all patients diagnosed with symptomatic MMN, and response rates have been reported range between 71 and 94% [15] [18]. Initially, a cumulative dose of 2 g/kg should be administered over up to five days [1]. Intravenous application of immunoglobulin may subsequently be repeated at a dose of 1 g/kg every two to four weeks or at a dose of 2 g/kg monthly or bimonthly. Patients may show a complete response to therapy, regain muscle strength and become independent of this treatment. They may also show an incomplete response, characterized by an initial improvement but exacerbation upon cessation of therapy. These people require long-term administration of immunoglobulins. Eventually, intravenous application of immunoglobulin may be replaced by subcutaneous self-infusion, with the latter augmenting patient autonomy. Furthermore, subcutaneous administration of immunoglobulin is associated with lower peaks of serum concentrations, and this may reduce the probability of dose-dependent side effects. A small minority of MMN patients do not respond to immunoglobulin therapy at all. Responsiveness to therapy may be affected by the patient's condition and the progression of axonal injury at the time of diagnosis [19].

Of note, MMN patients do not usually benefit from immunosuppressive therapies as applied in case of autoimmune disease or distinct immune-mediated neuropathy. Despite compounds such as cyclophosphamide and eculizumab not having been evaluated in controlled clinical trials, there are case reports implying their usefulness [20]. Such options should seriously be considered in case of non-responders. Mycophenolate mofetil has been proven ineffective [21].

MMN is potentially curable. Affected individuals have a normal life expectancy, and although MMN may be associated with considerable morbidity, most patients respond well to therapy and regain muscle strength in their arms and legs. On the other hand, progressive deterioration with neurological deficits has also been reported. Retrospective studies suggest the patient's neurological condition at the time of diagnosis, the presence of detectable conduction blocks and young age are favorable prognostic factors [12].

The etiology of MMN remains poorly understood. The presence of serum antibodies directed against ganglioside GM1 (mainly immunoglobulin type M, about 49% of MMN patients) or ganglioside GM2 (also of type M, only 6% of MMN patients) implies an immune-mediated process, but the trigger of such an autoimmune response as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown [3]. Interestingly, increased incidence rates of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus type 1 and celiac disease have been observed in families affected by MMN [4]. Although these epidemiological findings further support the hypothesis of MMN being an autoimmune disease, considerable number of MMN patients test negative for any type of autoantibody related to the disease [3]. On the other hand, MMN has repeatedly been reported as an adverse event of treatment with infliximab, an anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) monoclonal antibody [5]. However, studies on serum cytokine levels of MMN patients yielded contradictory results, and symptom onset or disease progression could not unequivocally be related to altered concentrations of TNF-α or other mediators [6] [7].

The overall prevalence of MMN has been estimated to 0.6 per 100,000 individuals[1]. No racial predilection has been reported, but men are affected significantly more often than women. The male-to-female ratio may be as high as 3:1 [4]. Symptom onset typically occurs in adulthood, at a median age of 40 years. MMN has occasionally been reported in pediatric patients, all of whom were males [8].

As has been indicated above, considerable knowledge gaps remain regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of MMN. About half of MMN patients test positive for autoantibodies directed against ganglioside GM1, and this molecule has been proven to be essential for neurogenesis as well as recovery from nerve injury. GM1 may be encountered in the axolemma of nodes of Ranvier and perinodal Schwann cells, and autoantibodies have been assumed to mediate demyelination of these areas. Demyelination may be associated with decelerated impulse propagation or conduction blocks typical of MMN [9]. Furthermore, axonal injury and consequent dysfunction of ion channels and sodium–potassium pumps may impair the transmission of action potentials. It has been proposed that anti-GM1 antibodies primarily mediate tissue damage by means of complement activation and deposition, and that these processes may be inhibited by intravenous immunoglobulin, which is the current gold standard of MMN therapy [10].

The fact that GM1 expression levels are highest in peripheral motor nerves may partially explain why MMN patients suffer from progressive muscle weakness without showing sensory deficits [1]. The aforementioned pathophysiological events provoke remodelling processes that may be observed histopathologically. In brief, motor nerve biopsy samples obtained from MMN patients show a markedly reduced number of myelinated fibers, decreased mean fiber diameters, degenerating axons, thin myelin sheaths, and ongoing nerve regeneration [11]. Perivascular lymphocyte infiltrates imply a concomitant inflammatory reaction. Of note, histopathological analyses may reveal minor lesions in sensory nerves of MMN patients. Nevertheless, these lesions do not usually provoke any symptoms.

No specific measures can be recommended to prevent MMN.

Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive, asymmetric limb weakness due to conduction blocks in motor nerves [1]. Its etiology remains largely unknown, although available data implies an autoimmune response directed against ganglioside GM1 or other molecules expressed in motor neurons as accounting for symptom onset in most cases. Inflammatory processes mainly occur in close proximity to the nodes of Ranvier of peripheral motor nerves and thus, MMN patients typically do not experience sensory anomalies.

Symptom onset is usually in distal arms or distal legs, but progression is slow and patients may not complain of any symptoms other than fatigue for prolonged periods of time. Reduced motor control, blunted or absent reflexes and mild muscle atrophy are commonly observed in MMN patients. Most patients are adults; few case reports exist regarding MMN in pediatric patients.

MMN patients generally respond well to intravenous immunoglobulin, but not to corticosteroids. Muscle strength typically improves within a month of the initiation of treatment, and affected individuals have a normal life expectancy. Nevertheless, follow-up studies have reported contradictory results regarding the long-term efficacy of treatment: while some authors report a slowly progressive neurological deterioration over the course of years, others state that therapy effectively diminishes disability and to promotes reinnervation [2].

Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive, asymmetric limb weakness. While fatigue is the most common non-specific symptom, most patients eventually observe lack of motor control of hands or lower legs. Over time, the patient's condition deteriorates and the disease may become disabling. Of note, sensory deficits are not typical of MMN. Affected people may note minor alterations of their vibration sense, but more extensive sensory anomalies are considered an exclusion criterion for MMN.

Little is known about the causes of MMN. Current knowledge implies an autoimmune process to account for symptom onset, i.e., the patient's immune cells produce antibodies against endogenous structures that are subsequently destroyed. In case of MMN, these antibodies may be directed at gangliosides, which are expressed in certain parts of peripheral motor nerves. The corresponding nerve segments are called nodes of Ranvier, and they are crucial for the conduction of action potentials along the nerve. Dysfunction of nodes of Ranvier results in an inability to transmit excitatory signals to the muscles in the arms and legs.

Fortunately, MMN is curable. The aforedescribed chain of pathophysiological events may be interrupted by treating with immunoglobulins. Most patients regain muscle strength within about a month of therapy. However, recurrence after cessation of therapy is also common. Affected individuals are considered immunoglobulin-dependent and require monthly or bimonthly infusions for prolonged periods of time. A minority of MMN patients do not respond to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. They may require treatment with additional immunomodulatory compounds with considerable side effects. In general, responsiveness to immunoglobulins is increased if the disease is diagnosed during early stages. Neuronal damage may be irreversible if therapy is delayed.

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