Thirty-eight patients (44%) were involved in cluster presentations. Mushroom poisoning is an unusual but potentially severe form of intoxication. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fatigue

  The first symptoms seen were loss of consciousness, fatigue, dizziness, severe headaches, abdominal discomfort and vomiting. The symptoms characteristically appeared suddenly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Gyromitra spp gyromitrin-mediated symptoms CNS symptoms: headache, ataxia, fatigue, nystagmus, tremor, bertigo, seizures (rare) 2-3 days: delayed hepatotoxicity (rare) 1-3 days after hepatotoxicity: hemolysis and methemoglobinaemia Immunohaemolytic, e.g [lifeinthefastlane.com]

  Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, muscle cramps, bloating and fatigue. Signs of liver damage include right-sided abdominal pain, hepatitis and jaundice — yellow skin — within 48 hours. [mlive.com]

  The symptoms of poisoning vary, depending on the species, from fatigue, hallucinating, stiff muscular spasms, which eventually lead to liver or kidney failure. “Your organs completely collapse once the poison has kicked into your body,” he said. [iol.co.za]

• Vomiting

  These mushrooms cause self-limited nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. The onset of symptoms is rather rapid (0.5 to 3 hours). [missouripoisoncenter.org]

  All poisonous mushrooms cause vomiting and abdominal pain. Other symptoms vary greatly depending on mushroom type. [msdmanuals.com]

  Both began vomiting in 10 minutes. Vomiting in one continued for about 2 hours. Case 2: Idaho, male, 7, ate unknown amount of mushroom from grass in yard. Two hours later began vomiting (2x). Field identification was A garicus xanthodermus. [web.archive.org]

  Violent vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain are the first symptoms. [patient.info]

• Diarrhea

  The diarrhea is occasionally bloody. Some people have headaches or body aches. Symptoms usually go away within 24 hours. [msdmanuals.com]

  These mushrooms cause self-limited nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. The onset of symptoms is rather rapid (0.5 to 3 hours). [missouripoisoncenter.org]

  Eleven hours after the second ingestion, he awoke with headache and malaise, followed in another hour by violent explosive diarrhea. Intermittent diarrhea and occasional cramps persisted this time for 60+ hours. [web.archive.org]

  Within 6 to 12 hours after eating the mushrooms, violent abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea appear, causing rapid loss of fluid from the tissues and intense thirst. [britannica.com]

• Nausea

  These mushrooms cause self-limited nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. The onset of symptoms is rather rapid (0.5 to 3 hours). [missouripoisoncenter.org]

  Gastrointestinal illness – many poisonous mushrooms cause gastrointestinal illness, such as nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps and diarrhoea. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

  The Coprinus syndrome: rapid onset of nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, palpitations, paraesthesiae, diaphoresis and flushing. Hypotension may also occur. [patient.info]

  Nausea and vomiting are quite common, but the principle effects are on the central nervous system: confusion, visual distortion, a feeling of greater strength, delusions and convulsions. [web.archive.org]

• Abdominal Pain

  Violent vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain are the first symptoms. [patient.info]

  The commonest symptoms at the time of presentation in both adults and children was gastrointestinal (diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain). There were 12 mortalities and they died at the median interval of 3.5 days after admission. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Abdominal Cramps

  By the evening approximately six hours later all started feeling nausea, abdominal cramps and vomiting they rushed to nearest primary health care center. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The toxins initially cause severe abdominal cramping, vomiting, and watery diarrhea, and then lead to liver and kidney failure. [encyclopedia.com]

• Jaundice

  The chemical nature of the toxin has not been determined, but it is a source of monomethylhydrazine, which affects the central nervous system and induces hemolytic jaundice. [britannica.com]

  Reported symptoms were nausea 27 (100%), vomiting 24 (88.88%), abdominal cramping 8 (29.6%), jaundice 3 (11.1%), diarrhea 17 (62.96%) and altered sensorium in 8 patients (29.65%). All patients were treated conservatively. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

   Delayed symptom category – After 24 hours • Jaundice, hypoglycemia, MODS followed by death. 12. Other symptoms : • Diarrhea, • Fever, • Headache, • Weakness, • Drowsiness, • Dizziness, sweating, • Confusion, and hallucination. 13. [slideshare.net]

• Hypotension

  The clinical manifestations included combinations of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypersalivation, diaphoresis, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, lacrimation, blurred vision, miosis, tremor, restlessness, flushing, and syncope. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  He was admitted to a hospital 17 hours after ingestion because of orthostatic hypotension and dehydration. [cdc.gov]

  Treatment may involve the use of drugs to treat hypotension and arrhythmia. [botanical-online.com]

  Hypotension may also occur. This syndrome has been referred to as a disulfiram-like reaction, as it is associated with ethanol use from 30 minutes to five days following a mushroom meal. Symptoms generally last 2-4 hours. [patient.info]

• Tachycardia

  The most common ECG abnormalities in the patients with MP were sinus tachycardia, sinus arrhythmia, ST/T inversion, 1st degree AV block and QT prolongation, respectively. Cardiac markers of the patients were found to be normal. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The Coprinus syndrome: rapid onset of nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, palpitations, paraesthesiae, diaphoresis and flushing. Hypotension may also occur. [patient.info]

• Orthostatic Hypotension

  He was admitted to a hospital 17 hours after ingestion because of orthostatic hypotension and dehydration. [cdc.gov]

• Slow Pulse

  The symptoms for this poisoning are: profuse, prolonged sweating tearing drooling small pupils vomiting and diarrhea slow pulse and low blood pressure in severe cases Victims usually recover within 24 hours but death may occur. [kidemergencies.com]

• Kidney Failure

  Symptoms subside for a few days, but then people develop liver failure and sometimes kidney failure. Liver failure causes the skin to turn yellow (jaundice). People with kidney failure may have reduced urination or may have stopped urinating. [msdmanuals.com]

  Associated kidney failure. See Amanita smithiana below (#5 of “onset of symptoms after 4 hours from time of ingestion”). [mykoweb.com]

  Fourth stage is a relapse, during which kidney and liver failure often occurs, leading to death. There may be more than one relapse. [web.archive.org]

  Complications • Kidney damage, Kidney failure & Death  Indications: • Don't believe that boiling, salting, or drying mushrooms will purified ones • Don't use alcohol. Some edible mushrooms can cause an abnormal reaction when taken with alcohol. 14. [slideshare.net]

• Renal Insufficiency

  Encephalopathy, coma and renal insufficiency occurred in all three patients who died, but did not occur in those who survived. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Mortality is high but mild renal insufficiency may resolve within months of the ingestion. Prevention Don't take any risks with wild mushrooms and keep children well away. [patient.info]

• Hematuria

  Upon examining laboratory results, 17.9% revealed variations in hematological parameters, impairment in renal functions in 6 patients (7.6%), hematuria in 10 patients (12.8%) and 15.3% had primarily elevated liver enzymes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Symptoms generally begin 6-24 hours after ingestion and may include the explosive onset of violent abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, hematuria, fever, tachycardia, hypotension, rapid volume depletion, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and extreme thirst [cdc.gov]

• Renal Injury

  Although mushroom poisoning is a rare cause of acute renal injury, in some cases it may lead to the development of a severe and irreversible renal failure. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In the third and final phase, hepatic and renal injury become clinically apparent and may progress to fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Death may occur in 3-7 days. [emedicine.com]

• Headache

  Other symptoms : • Diarrhea, • Fever, • Headache, • Weakness, • Drowsiness, • Dizziness, sweating, • Confusion, and hallucination. 13. [slideshare.net]

  The first symptoms seen were loss of consciousness, fatigue, dizziness, severe headaches, abdominal discomfort and vomiting. The symptoms characteristically appeared suddenly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Apart from hallucinations, other effects include confusion, muscle weakness, agitation, rapid heart rate and headache. The golden top looks very similar to some varieties of Galerina mushroom, which are potentially deadly. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

  The main symptoms are: nausea, vomiting, hypotension, headache, amnesia, and especially hallucinations, usually resolving spontaneously after 4 or 10 hours. [botanical-online.com]

  Symptoms usually go away within 24 hours: Diarrhea (frequent, loose, or watery poop), which can be bloody Body aches Headaches Symptoms begin within 15 to 30 minutes: Feeling of extreme excitement and happiness (euphoria) Extra imagination Hallucinations [msdmanuals.com]

• Dizziness

  Other symptoms : • Diarrhea, • Fever, • Headache, • Weakness, • Drowsiness, • Dizziness, sweating, • Confusion, and hallucination. 13. [slideshare.net]

  The first symptoms seen were loss of consciousness, fatigue, dizziness, severe headaches, abdominal discomfort and vomiting. The symptoms characteristically appeared suddenly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Male also consumed a glass of wine and about 1 hour later felt drunk, dizzy, bloated, and nauseated. One female was dizzy and nauseated. Second female was nauseated and vomited (2x). [web.archive.org]

  The clinical presentation of our four cases included dizziness, headache, generalised weakness and numbness. Three out of four patients presented with visual hallucination. [hkmj.org]

• Vertigo

  • Severe cases notable for jaundice, hyperreflexia, vertigo, loss of muscle coordination, seizures and coma • Recovery in 2 to 6 days 20. Gyromitra esculenta 21. [slideshare.net]

  This phase may be followed by monomethylhydrazine-related CNS symptoms such as vertigo, delirium, convulsions, and coma. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] vision, vomiting, and a coma-like state Delayed-onset symptoms GI/headache/liver damage Toxin monomethylhydrazine–MMH; symptoms begin within 6-12 hrs of ingestion, and include bloating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, muscle cramps, and vertigo [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Giddiness

  Following ingestion, fifteen to sixty minutes pass before the onset of anxiety, giddiness, hallucinations, perceived motion of stationary onjects, impaired time and distance perception, and marked euphoria. [americanmushrooms.com]

The workup may include laboratory studies, diagnostic imaging (though specific studies are not indicated if there is already a clear history of mushroom ingestion), and analysis of mushroom specimens if available (see Workup). [emedicine.com]

The entire mushroom that he had was consumed and nothing was available to confirm the identification, but the symptoms and blood workup was consistent with Amanita phalloides. [web.archive.org]

No serious adverse side-effects were observed with the MARS treatment. In conclusion, MARS treatment seems to offer a safe and effective treatment option in Amanita mushroom poisoning. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

Treatment is largely supportive and symptomatic. Penicillin, kutkin, and silibinin/silymarin show promise as treatments, along with oral activated charcoal and electrolytes. [web.archive.org]

Prognosis The prognosis in the great majority of cases of mushroom poisoning is excellent. [patient.info]

Early determination of prognosis in cases of FHF is important to allow prompt decision-making regarding the need for liver transplantation. Mushroom poisoning is a rare cause of FHF, and as a result, prognostic criteria are not well recognized. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

There are numerous causes of fulminant hepatic failure including acetaminophen, viral etiologies, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, ischemic hepatitis, and acute Budd-Chiari syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology Amatoxin toxicity is caused by the ingestion of mushrooms containing the toxin (especially Amanita phalloides ), such as may occur in any of the following circumstances: Amateur mushroom hunters seeking a fresh-picked meal Adults and adolescents [emedicine.com]

Fulminant hepatic failure in children: Etiology, histopathology and MDCT findings. Eur. J. Radiol., 72: 327-334. CrossRef | PubMed | Direct Link | Chodorowski, Z., W. Waldman and J.S. Anand, 2002. Acute poisoning with Tricholoma equestre. Przegl. [scialert.net]

BACKGROUND: Limited information exists about epidemiology and management of mushroom poisoning. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Community Hospital, Santa Rosa; J Young, PHN, R Holtzer, MD, Sonoma County Health Dept, TG Tong, PharmD, San Francisco Poison Control Center, RR Roberto, MD, SB Werner, MD, Infectious Disease Section, California Dept of Health Svcs; Enteric Bacteriology and Epidemiology [cdc.gov]

Most fatalities resulting from mushroom ingestion are associated with amatoxins within the mushrooms (see Pathophysiology). [emedicine.com]

Metabolic acidosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. J Nephrol. 2006; 19 (Suppl 9):S62–S69. [ PubMed ] 20. Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. Pharmacologically-induced metabolic acidosis: a review. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In order to prevent mushroom poisoning altogether, educating the general population to that end certainly presents the method of choice. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]