Intraocular tuberculosis is uncommon and has various clinical presentations. Lack of specific clinical clues can make the diagnosis challenging. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Plethora

  In contrast, macrophages engaged a plethora of responses including IFN signaling and communication between innate and adaptive immune cells to induce granuloma formation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Gastric Lavage

  A total of 1,570 samples (1,230 pulmonary [1,103 bronchial aspiration and 127 sputum samples] and 340 extrapulmonary [210 urine, 29 pleural fluid, 57 gastric lavage, 18 cerebrospinal fluid {CSF}, 8 biopsy, and 18 various sterile body fluid or pus samples [doi.org]

• Incontinence

  We present a case from Uganda demonstrating Ultra positivity in urine from an HIV-infected patient presenting with altered mental status and urinary incontinence, and no other signs of active pulmonary or extrapulmonary TB. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Urinary Incontinence

  We present a case from Uganda demonstrating Ultra positivity in urine from an HIV-infected patient presenting with altered mental status and urinary incontinence, and no other signs of active pulmonary or extrapulmonary TB. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

However, such a highly sensitive tool results in low specificity, with 90.5% of the patients without TB receiving respiratory isolation and workup for TB, which may be infeasible. [erj.ersjournals.com]

(See Workup.) The usual treatment regimen for TB cases from fully susceptible M tuberculosis isolates consists of 6 months of multidrug therapy. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Left Pleural Effusion

  Chest x-ray demonstrated a left pleural effusion. Contrast-enhanced CT showed free abdominal fluid. Thoracentesis revealed a chylothorax, and paracentesis a chylous ascites. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Mediastinal Mass

  We present an extremely rare case of a 62-year-old immunocompetent patient with pleural tuberculosis confirmed by surgical pleural biopsies, who presented with a large mediastinal mass and evidence of pulmonary artery invasion on CT scanning and endobronchial [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Plasmodium Falciparum

  Joy DA, Feng X, Mu J, Furuya T, Chotivanich K, et al. (2003) Early origin and recent expansion of Plasmodium falciparum. Science 300: 318–321. View Article Google Scholar 29. [doi.org]

  Sequence-based association and selection scans identify drug resistance loci in the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:13052–7. [genomebiology.biomedcentral.com]

• Nocardia Brasiliensis

  Méndez-Tovar, Héctor Rubén Maya-Pineda and Francisca Hernández-Hernández, Non-Coding RNAs are Differentially Expressed by Nocardia brasiliensis in Vitro and in Experimental Actinomycetoma, The Open Microbiology Journal, 10.2174/1874285801711010112, 11 [doi.org]

• Lymphocytic Infiltrate

  Lymphocytic infiltration was seen in the vitreous, iris and the retinal tissue. Ziehl Neelsen stain was negative for acid fast bacilli. Caseation necrosis was not seen in any section. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

(5102295715)-ar.png 504x634; 317 KB Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB) Diminishing Options for Treatment (5102295715).jpg 504x634; 161 KB First-Line Treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) for Drug-Sensitive TB (5102307249).jpg 721x573; 212 KB Fluh2 [commons.wikimedia.org]

Abstract Although tuberculosis treatment is dependent on drug-susceptibility testing (DST) and molecular drug-resistance detection, treatment failure and relapse remain a challenge. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Its prognosis is poor and optimal therapy has not been determined. Tuberculous meningitis has a high mortality in those also infected with HIV, especially in the developing world, and better therapies are urgently needed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] usually in the lungs) to other organs and tissues via the bloodstream Skin lesions are small (millet-sized) red spots that develop into ulcers and abscesses More likely in immunocompromised patients, eg HIV, AIDS, cancer The patient is generally sick Prognosis [dermnetnz.org]

The prognosis of open pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinical-statistical analysis. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 114, 1954–1955 (1940). 7. Barry, C.E. III et al. The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies. Nat. Rev. [doi.org]

Potential etiological factors include: tumors, allergy, parasitic infections, trauma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Demonstrating mycobacterial antigens is useful in establishing mycobacterial etiology and can be used as an alternative method to the conventional Ziehl-Neelsen method. [biocare.net]

All isolates were previously typed by spoligotyping and IS6110-RFLP, and for each strain epidemiological records were available ( 14, 24 ). Forty-four isolates with no known epidemiological links were chosen within 12 groups (Table 2 ). [doi.org]

The worldwide threat of tuberculosis to human health emphasizes the need to develop novel approaches to a global epidemiological surveillance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Thus, new insights into the pathophysiological features of the Mtb complex strains are required for development of novel vaccines and for control of MDR/XDR Mtb infection, eventually leading to refinement of treatment regimens and the health care system [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test Each year, Mycobacterium tuberculosis accounts for approximately 1.4 million deaths and is responsible for 9 million newly diagnosed [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

Pathophysiology Infection with M tuberculosis results most commonly through exposure of the lungs or mucous membranes to infected aerosols. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. 2 Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China. 3 State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Its cell wall prevents the fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome. Specifically, M. tuberculosis blocks the bridging molecule, early endosomal autoantigen 1 (EEA1); however, this blockade does not prevent fusion of vesicles filled with nutrients. [microbiologyinpictures.com]