Some of the common symptoms of nephritis include the following [6]:

• Feeling of pain and burning sensation during urination
• Presence of blood and pus in the urine
• Fever accompanied by vomiting 
• High blood pressure in individuals who have developed glomerulonephritis
• Pain in the pelvic region, kidneys and or abdomen
• Development of edema in the face, legs and hands due to accumulation of fluid
• Frequency in urge to urinate
• Urine is cloudy in appearance 

• Inflammation

  Definitions Nephritis essentially means inflammation of the kidney. Nephritis may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or the interstitial renal tissue. When inflammation involves the glomeruli it is called glomerulonephritis. [patient.info]

  Diffuse or local inflammation and edema of the interstitial tissue of the kidney, including the tubules. Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. [icd10data.com]

  Definitions ne·phri·tis an acute or chronic disease of the kidneys, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, fibrosis, etc. [yourdictionary.com]

• Pain

  Symptoms: Individuals with nephritis suffer from pain during urination, frequency in urge to urinate, pain in the abdomen and pelvic region, fever as well as vomiting. [symptoma.com]

  Symptoms of Nephritis Some of the symptoms related to nephritis include- Develop a pelvic pain Feel of pain or burning while urinating The flow of blood in the urine Develop a pain in the abdomen region The body parts such as legs, feet, face and etc [byjus.com]

  […] relievers, especially NSAIDs) Henoch-Schönlein purpura (disease that involves purple spots on the skin, joint pain, gastrointestinal problems and glomerulonephritis) IgA nephropathy (disorder in which antibodies called IgA build up in kidney tissue) [nlm.nih.gov]

  It is characterized by abdominal pain; fever; nausea; vomiting; and occasionally diarrhea. [icd10data.com]

• Anemia

  Laboratorial data included normochromic anemia, proteinuria, and creatinine elevation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Signs and symptoms include blood and protein in the urine; high blood pressure; swelling of the face, hands, feet, and legs; fatigue; and anemia. If not treated or controlled, nephritis may lead to kidney damage and kidney failure. [cancer.gov]

  Early signs of kidney problems include edema, anemia and various salt imbalances. [chrysalisnaturalmedicine.com]

  The results revealed that those with persistent hypertension, anemia, increased serum creatinine concentration, and decreased creatinine clearance rate at initial biopsy were more prone to develop renal failure. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

• Weakness

  Clinical History AIN usually presents with non-specific symptoms, such as: Nausea and vomiting; Generalised weakness; Lethargy. However, it must be remembered that AIN can be symptomless. [healthengine.com.au]

  Correlations between each biomarker and renal domain score were weak (r=0.201, p=0.042 for uIL-4; r=0.268, p=0.006 for uIFN-γ). Significant differences were also found in the uIL-4 and uIFN-γ levels against LN recurrence (p=0.033; p=0.017). [indonesianjournalofclinicalpathology.org]

  The delicate nature of the kidney vessels renders them vulnerable to weakness, especially in the presence of aggravating conditions like diabetes and hypertension. [chrysalisnaturalmedicine.com]

  However, most experts agree that the evidence for its role in this endemic nephropathy is weak. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Anorexia

  Uraemic symptoms (including anorexia, pruritus, lethargy, nausea). Deteriorating renal function. Aetiology Post-infection with nephritogenic strains of Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (typically occurs in children). [patient.info]

  The several complications involved with kidney failure include uremia, anemia, overload of fluids, electrolyte imbalance, anorexia, sexual dysfunction and poor growth. Autoimmune diseases are the major cause of nephritis. [symptoma.com]

  […] studies have shown the simple combination of astragalus root and cooked rehmannia root to be a markedly effective treatment for protein and blood in the urine, causing improvement and recovery of renal functions, and reduction of edema, anemia, and anorexia [chrysalisnaturalmedicine.com]

• Polydipsia

  We report a 39-year-old male who presented with polydipsia, polyuria, and multiple bone pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Polyuria and, in one instance, polydipsia were other presenting features. [medsafe.govt.nz]

• Oral Ulcers

  ulcers Includes oral and nasopharyngeal ulcers, observed by physician Arthritis Nonerosive arthritis of two or more peripheral joints, with tenderness, swelling, or effusion Serositis Pleuritis or pericarditis documented by ECG or rub or evidence of [slideshare.net]

  The criteria include, among others, skin lesions, oral ulcers, renal disease, neurological affectation, hematologic disorders, and immunological alterations detected by laboratory: anti-Sm antibodies, anti-DNA, anti-Ro, and others ( Hochberg MC. [kidneypathology.com]

  Oral ulcers Palate Buccal Tongue OR nasal ulcers In the absence of other causes such as vasculitis, Behçet's disease, infection (herpesvirus), inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, and acidic foods 4. [scielo.br]

• Hypertension

  Proteinuria (usually Hypertension. Uraemic symptoms (including anorexia, pruritus, lethargy, nausea). Deteriorating renal function. [patient.info]

  […] indicated for patients with even mild hypertension (eg, blood pressure [BP] > 130/80 mm Hg) or proteinuria. [msdmanuals.com]

  Hypertension and proteinuria also are risk factors in renal function decline. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

  Sodium and fluid restriction would be required if the patient is suffering from hypertension as the underlying condition. [symptoma.com]

• Purpura

  The frequencies of persistent purpura (31 vs. 10%, p [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Multisystem systemic diseases - eg, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vasculitis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Goodpasture's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis. [patient.info]

• Erythema

  Physical examination was remarkable for malar erythema, tender joints and an elevated blood pressure. [consultqd.clevelandclinic.org]

  Rule Sensitivity Specificity Misclassified cases(number) 1997 ACR criteria 267/310 (86%) 365/392 (93%) 70 SLICC criteria 292/310 (94%) 361/392 (92%) 49 11. 1997 ACR criteria Malar rash Fixed erythema, flat or raised, over the malar eminences Discoid rash [slideshare.net]

• Periorbital Edema

  Her physical examination revealed that she had bilateral pitting leg edema and periorbital edema. She was not pale or icteric. She had evidence of mild synovitis of the small joints of the hand bilaterally with no deformities. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] nephritis): Peripheral or periorbital edema Coagulopathy Physical findings Focal and diffuse lupus nephritis – Generalized active SLE with the presence of a rash, oral or nasal ulcers, synovitis, or serositis; signs of active nephritis Active lupus nephritis [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Seizure

  The first case was a 3-year-old girl who had neurological symptoms, including unconsciousness and seizures, with AFBN associated with acute reversible encephalopathy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  If the victim has collapsed, had a seizure, has trouble breathing, or can't be awakened, immediately call emergency services at 911. Children can be especially sensitive to an overdose, so keep the medication out of the reach of children. [medlineplus.gov]

  Manifestation Prevalence, % Neurologic 60 Cognitive disorder 50 Mood disorder 40 Headache 25 Seizures 20 Mono-, polyneuropathy 15 Stroke, TIA 10 Acute confusional state or movement disorder 2–5 Aseptic meningitis, myelopathy 9. [slideshare.net]

  Complications Primary complications associated with hypertension include: Seizure Encephalopathy Stroke End-organ damage Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome [4, 5] Primary complications associated with kidney failure include: Fluid overload Electrolyte [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Convulsions

  […] missing) sensitivity to light blurred distance vision seeing light flashes or streaks difficulty hearing ringing in ears muscle weakness bleeding or bruising of the skin bleaching or loss of hair mood or mental changes irregular heartbeat drowsiness convulsions [medlineplus.gov]

  Uremic symptoms may occur, though convulsions are not common in chronic exudative nephritis. [henriettes-herb.com]

  The blood pressure usually rises during acute nephritis, and in severe cases hypertension may be accompanied by convulsions. Treatment consists chiefly of bed rest and a carefully controlled diet. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Extrarenal manifestations are ample and variable, and include alterations of the skin, joins, heart, lung, hematologic (cytopenias), neurological (convulsions, psychosis, peripheral nervous system involvement), mucous (ulcerations), serositis, and so [kidneypathology.com]

• Kidney Failure

  […] problems, including nephritis and kidney failure. — Dan Gartland, SI.com, "Potential No. 1 Draft Pick Luka Doncic Hits Ankle-Breaking Step-Back Buzzer-Beater," 30 Mar. 2018 Kidney problems, including nephritis and kidney failure. — Dan Gartland, SI.com [merriam-webster.com]

  If kidney function worsens and kidney failure develops, dialysis is usually needed. In some cases, the damage is irreversible, and kidney failure becomes chronic. [merckmanuals.com]

  Symptoms Interstitial nephritis can cause mild to severe kidney problems, including acute kidney failure. In about half of cases, people will have decreased urine output and other signs of acute kidney failure. [mountsinai.org]

  In many cases, CKD leads to kidney failure. What are kidney failure and end-stage renal disease? Kidney failure is the acute or chronic loss of 85 percent or more kidney function. [niddk.nih.gov]

• Renal Insufficiency

  All forms of chronic nephritis result in renal insufficiency and uremia, if death does not occur earlier from cardiac insufficiency or other causes. [encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com]

  A 55-year-old woman presented with deafness, increased levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), and renal insufficiency with proteinuria and hematuria. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  (functional) (pelvis) N28.9 - see also Disease, kidney ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code N28.9 Disorder of kidney and ureter, unspecified 2016 2017 2018 2019 Billable/Specific Code Applicable To Nephropathy NOS Renal disease (acute) NOS Renal insufficiency (acute [icd10data.com]

  “Outcome of pregnancy in women with moderate or severe renal insufficiency”. NEJM. vol. 335. 1996. pp. 226-32. [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

• Oliguria

  This form of oliguria and renal insufficiency usually responds to the release of the obstruction. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  She presented to our hospital with worsening generalized body swelling and oliguria of 1 month's duration. Her physical examination revealed that she had bilateral pitting leg edema and periorbital edema. She was not pale or icteric. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Retrieved 2015-06-15. ^ "Oliguria: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology". Medscape. eMedicine. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Polyuria

  We report a 39-year-old male who presented with polydipsia, polyuria, and multiple bone pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  They present with predominant symptoms of tubular dysfunction (polyuria). Proximal tubule defects can present as Fanconi syndrome. [lecturio.com]

  Problems concentrating urine causes an increase in daily urine volume (polyuria) and difficulty maintaining the proper balance of water and electrolytes in the blood. [merckmanuals.com]

  Some of the common signs and symptoms includes : Polyuria – passing large volumes of urine in a day which presents as frequent urination. Hematuria – microscopic or gross appearance of blood in the urine. [healthhype.com]

• Renal Function Impairment

  Pregnancy outcome in women with renal disease is significantly dependent on degree of renal function impairment (Table II). [cancertherapyadvisor.com]

Various tests would be required for diagnosing the condition of nephritis. These would include the following [7]:

• Laboratory studies: Several laboratory investigations would be required such as blood urea nitrogen levels, urine culture along with urinalysis and complete blood count. Blood tests to analyze levels of electrolyte and creatinine would be done. In addition to these, other laboratory studies include lupus serologies, antiDNAase B, serum IgA measurement, measurement of components C3 and C4, antistreptolysin and cellular antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. These tests would help detect infection in general and also give insights about presence of a bacterial infection [8] [9].
• Biopsy: Biopsy of the kidney would be required when the patient shows signs of edema, proteinuria, hypertension and hematuria.
• Imaging: Imaging studies such as CT scan of the abdomen and pelvic region is indicated to check for signs of infection. In addition to this, renal ultrasonography is done to rule out other conditions of tumor, kidney stones, renal artery stenosis and hematuria.

• Hyperuricosuria

  […] drugs (NSAIDs) Diclofenac Fenoprofen Ibuprofen Indomethacin Naproxen Other Allopurinol Aristolochic acid † Captopril Cimetidine Interferon alfa Lansoprazole Mesalamine Omeprazole Ranitidine Metabolic disorders Hyperoxalaturia Ethylene glycol poisoning Hyperuricosuria [msdmanuals.com]

• Hyponatremia

  Low to normal BP Polyuria 2nd to NDI Typically seen with chronic K+ depletion (< 3.0 mEq/L) Minimal proteinuria Majority have reduced eGFR and azotemia Severity of renal impairment correlated with duration and degree of potassium depletion Associated: hyponatremia [renalandurologynews.com]

  Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and metabolic acidosis C. Hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and metabolic alkalosis D. Hypokalemia, hyperchloremia, and metabolic acidosis 2. What is the most common type of uveitis present in patients with TINU Syndrome? A. [docsity.com]

• Uric Acid Increased

  Mean serum uric acid was 7.9 ± 2.1 mg/dL (Allopurinol Treated Group) versus 7.3 ± 1.6 mg/dL (Usual Treated Group) Serum uric acid decreased with Allopurinol (7.8→ 6 mg/dL) The Allopurinol Treated Group had an INCREASE in eGFR by 1.3 ml/min/1.73m2 versus [renalandurologynews.com]

• Candida

  […] brucellosis ) Corynebacterium diphtheriae Legionella sp ( Legionella infections ) Leptospira sp ( leptospirosis ) Mycobacterium sp Mycoplasma sp Rickettsia sp Salmonella sp Staphylococci Streptococci Treponema pallidum ( syphilis ) Yersinia sp Fungal Candida [msdmanuals.com]

  […] have been associated with AIN including Legionella, Leptospira, cytomegalovirus (CMV) Streptococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Yersinia, polyomavirus, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, adenovirus, Candida [uptodate.com]

  Ogura et al. [ 21 ] reported two cases of fungal GIN related to Trichosporon laibachii in one patient treated with chemotherapy for pharyngeal cancer and the second related to Candida albicans in a patient treated with steroids for asthma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The primary goal of treatment would be to correct the underlying disease condition that is causing nephritis. For this, medications and certain home care measurement would be required to treat the condition. Medications such as antibiotics are required if bacterial infections are the source of the problem. If autoimmune reactions are the cause, then various immunosupressants would be administered.

Individuals with nephritis should give special considerations to their diet and their activity profile. Sodium and fluid restriction would be required if the patient is suffering from hypertension as the underlying condition. Along with this, a high carbohydrate diet would also be recommended for a short period in order to prevent breakdown of body protein. Calcium supplementation would also be indicated to maintain the normal serum calcium levels [10]. Individuals are also advised against carrying out strenuous activity; however, they are permitted to undertake daily light activities.

Prognosis of the condition is favorable with prompt initiation of treatment. However, failure to do so can cause damage to the organs, causing kidney failure. In such cases, individuals may require dialysis for filtering off the wastes from the body. Mortality due to nephritis in children is found to be higher in cases when there is development of complications. The several complications involved with kidney failure include uremia, anemia, overload of fluids, electrolyte imbalance, anorexia, sexual dysfunction and poor growth [5].

Autoimmune diseases are the major cause of nephritis. Following this, the condition can also occur due to infections and exposure to toxins. Individuals suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus are at an increased risk of developing nephritis. There have been instances, where nephritis can also be caused by heredity. However, such cases are rare and nephritis is majorly caused either by infections or autoimmune diseases. A kind of nephritis, known as athletic nephritis occurs as a result of excessive strenuous exercises. Such a type of condition gives rise to cylindruria, proteinuria and hematuria [2].

The exact incidence of nephritis across the globe is unknown. Based on the statistics given by Center for Disease Control and Prevention, it was reported that approximately 39,480 people die due to nephritis in US each year. In addition, kidney disease was ranked 9th as the leading cause of mortality amongst the US population [3].

Kidneys form an important organ of the body, responsible for maintain water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filtering off metabolic wastes. These bean-shaped organs process about 200 quarts of blood everyday and remove excess water and waste products from the body. Conditions interfering with the normal functioning of the kidneys are infections and underlying disease conditions.

These factors promote development of inflammation of the organ which can further lead to kidney damage. In addition to infection and disease conditions, individuals can also develop nephritis if they have undergone surgical procedures of the kidneys or are allergic to certain medications [4].

Certain practices can help prevent the onset of infections which would in a way avoid the onset of nephritis. Healthy living and appropriate water consumption can help keep the bladder clean and also avoid infections. Alcohol consumption and smoking are known to cause damage to the kidney and should therefore be avoided. Certain fruits and vegetables act as natural diuretics and should be made a part of daily diet. These consist of grapes and coconut water.

There are three types of nephritis, interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis. In interstitial nephritis, the area between the renal tubules undergoes inflammation. In the condition of glomerulonephritis, the filtering units of the kidneys, the glomeruli, get inflamed. Pyelonephritis occurs as a result of infection of the bladder, favoring development of inflammation of the kidneys. Nephritis, if not treated on time can turn severe, leading to development of several complications such as kidney damage [1].

• Definition: Nephritis is a condition, wherein the kidneys undergo inflammation usually either due to infections or autoimmune diseases. Such a type of condition should be promptly treated in order to avoid development of kidney damage.
• Cause: The various causative factors for nephritis include bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, and allergic reactions to antibiotics and or surgical procedures of the kidney. All these factors can trigger an inflammatory response, giving rise to nephritis.
• Symptoms: Individuals with nephritis suffer from pain during urination, frequency in urge to urinate, pain in the abdomen and pelvic region, fever as well as vomiting. Affected individuals also experienced swelling in the arms and legs due to accumulation of fluids and also pass out blood in urine.
• Diagnosis: The various diagnostic procedures employed include blood tests, blood culture, urinalysis, urine culture, complete blood count and serology tests. In addition, kidney biopsy would be required in individuals who suffer from hematuria, edema, proteinuria and hypertension.
• Treatment: Antibiotic medications form the basis of treatment regime. Dietary restrictions along with fluid control would also be done in order to correct the condition of nephritis.

1. Michel DM, Kelly CJ. Acute interstitial nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:506.
2. Cornell LD. IgG4-related kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:279.
3. Buysen JG, Houthoff HJ, Krediet RT, Arisz L. Acute interstitial nephritis: a clinical and morphological study in 27 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990; 5:94.
4. Rossert J. Drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney Int 2001; 60:804.
5. Paueksakon P, Revelo M, Lee SM, et al. Acute renal failure in a 64-year-old white man.Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36:669.
6. Goda C, Kotake S, Ichiishi A, et al. Clinical features in tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(4):637-41.
7. Wen YK, Chen ML. IgA-Dominant Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis: Not Peculiar to Staphylococcal Infection and Diabetic Patients. Ren Fail. 2011;33(5):480-5.
8. Lins RL, Verpooten GA, De Clerck DS, De Broe ME. Urinary indices in acute interstitial nephritis. Clin Nephrol 1986; 26:131.
9. Cornell LD. IgG4-related kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:279.
10. Flanc RS, Roberts MA, Strippoli GF, et al. Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. Feb 2004;43(2):197-208.