Patients often present with fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Multiple serum lab values are often elevated, including AST, ALT, and GGT. [radiopaedia.org]

Invited lecture. www.bhiva.org/documents/Conferences/2016Manchester/Presentations/160419/PatrickKennedy.pdf (PDF slides) www.bhiva.org/160419PatrickKennedy.aspx (webcast) [thebodypro.com]

Improve your interpretation of presenting symptoms with 41 new topics and 7 new references in the Differential Diagnosis section. [books.google.com]

This review encompasses the major infections of the liver and biliary tree other than viral hepatitis and includes aspects of pathogenicity, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Complementary and alternative therapies in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review. J Hepatol. 2004;40(3):491-500. 7. Sherman KE, Sjogren M, et al. [passeportsante.net]

For some individuals, the risks of treatment may not be justified. Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment Treatment of chronic hepatitis C has evolved, rendering many earlier drugs obsolete. [onhealth.com]

Viekira Pak from AbbVie, a combination HCV treatment, was approved in December 2014. Viekira Pak is used for treatment of genotype 1a and 1b HCV in patients with or without cirrhosis. [drugs.com]

A need for prompt investigation is emphasised by the potentially rapid progression and poor prognosis of some bacterial and fungal infections, and the public health implications of parasitic diseases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Acute Hepatitis B Infection, 4.1 What happens when Initially infected. 4.2 Symptoms. 4.3 Treatment 4.4 Prognosis 5. Chronic Hepatitis B infection. 5.1 How does chronic Hepatitis B Develop. 5.2 Symptoms 5.3 Treatment 5.4 Prognosis 6. [hon.ch]

Treatment and prognosis Treatment depends on the etiology of the acute hepatitis. [radiopaedia.org]

Natural history and prognosis of hepatitis B. Semin Liver Dis. 2003;23(1):47–58. Locarnini S, Hatzakis A, Chen D-S, Lok A. Strategies to control hepatitis B: Public policy, epidemiology, vaccine and drugs. J Hepatol. 2015;62(1):S76–86. [revistagastrocol.com]

What is the prognosis of viral hepatitis? The prognosis of viral hepatitis for most patients is good; however, this prognosis varies somewhat depending on the infecting virus. [medicinenet.com]

In some cases, no clear etiology could be found (cryptogenic cirrhosis). However, the incidence of HCC varies greatly with etiologies and the molecular mechanisms linking cirrhosis and HCC are not well defined. [eurekaselect.com]

Etiologies may include: viral hepatitides: (e.g. [radiopaedia.org]

However, this study did not implicate HGV as an etiologic agent of non-A–E hepatitis. [nejm.org]

Etiology HAV is common in the U.S., whereas HEV is usually acquired by travelers to countries outside the U.S. Both viruses are single-stranded RNA non-enveloped viruses. [atsu.edu]

Definition and Etiology Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a cause of acute liver inflammation or hepatitis. It can cause relapsing signs and symptoms but not a chronic infection. The virus is a 27-nm-diameter nonenveloped RNA virus. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Related Journals: American Journal of Epidemiology, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, International Journal of Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Journal of Immunology, Annual Review of Immunology, Journal of Allergy [hepatitis.imedpub.com]

This review encompasses the major infections of the liver and biliary tree other than viral hepatitis and includes aspects of pathogenicity, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The diverse patterns of hepatitis A epidemiology in the United States: implications for vaccination strategies. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1579–1594. Weekly epidemiological record. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Worldwide epidemiology of HBV infection, disease burden, and vaccine prevention. [wiki.cancer.org.au]

Strategies to control hepatitis B: Public policy, epidemiology, vaccine and drugs. J Hepatol. 2015;62(1):S76–86. Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection-natu- ral history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(11):1118–29. [revistagastrocol.com]

Pathophysiology It is not our intention to engage in a detailed discussion of the pathophysiology of hepatitis B virus-induced liver disease. [tpis.upmc.com]

[…] source is found in 42% of all cases. 4 In the United States, a region of relatively low hepatitis A endemicity, calculations based on surveillance data from 1989 indicated annual medical and work-loss costs of approximately US $200 million. 5 Back to Top Pathophysiology [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Pathophysiology Hepatitis A The incubation period of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is 15-45 days (average, 4 weeks). The virus is excreted in stool during the first few weeks of infection, before the onset of symptoms. [emedicine.medscape.com]

No vaccine is yet available to prevent hepatitis C. Most people recover from hepatitis, and the disease is often preventable. However, it is still considered a serious health risk because it can: Destroy liver tissue. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Viral Hepatitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). [womenshealth.gov]

Prevention : No vaccine is available. Prevention methods include: Abstain from sex or practice safer sex, including using latex or polyurethane condoms. Do not share injection drug equipment. [uhs.umich.edu]

However, later administration attenuates the clinical expression of HAV infection. 12 These recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A are advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

How to prevent hepatitis C As this is often passed on through the transfer of infected bodily fluids, the following steps can help prevent HCV transmission: Do not share needles, toothbrushes, or manicure equipment. [medicalnewstoday.com]