Patients often present with fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Multiple serum lab values are often elevated, including AST, ALT, and GGT. [radiopaedia.org]

Invited lecture. www.bhiva.org/documents/Conferences/2016Manchester/Presentations/160419/PatrickKennedy.pdf (PDF slides) www.bhiva.org/160419PatrickKennedy.aspx (webcast) [thebodypro.com]

Improve your interpretation of presenting symptoms with 41 new topics and 7 new references in the Differential Diagnosis section. [books.google.com]

This review encompasses the major infections of the liver and biliary tree other than viral hepatitis and includes aspects of pathogenicity, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fever

  Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) Treponema pallidum (secondary syphilis) Rickettsia typhi (typhus fever) Granulomatous disease Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sarcoidosis Hereditary disease/disorder Wilson disease Hemochromatosis Alpha [arupconsult.com]

  Bacterial or parasitic hepatitis is caused by bacteria or parasites such as the agents of typhoid fever, Weil's disease or hepatic amoebiasis. [docvadis.ie]

  Patients with glandular fever, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, can also suffer from an attack of hepatitis. [netdoctor.co.uk]

  Other viruses may also cause hepatitis, such as the yellow fever virus and the virus that causes glandular fever. Symptoms of hepatitis Not everyone with hepatitis has symptoms. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

• Chronic Infection

  Infants and children who contract hepatitis B have a higher risk for chronic infection. [livescience.com]

  […] children (1-5 years) will develop a chronic hepatitis B infection 5-10% of infected adults will develop a chronic hepatitis B infection (that is, 90% will recover) Learning that you have a chronic hepatitis B infection can be very upsetting. [hepb.org]

  If a chronically infected mother gives birth, 90% of the time her infant will be infected and develop chronic hepatitis B, usually for life. [onhealth.com]

  All individuals who are chronically infected may be able to transmit it. [uhs.umich.edu]

  The majority of newborn babies infected with HBV develop chronic infection (90%) whereas a minority of adults with HBV develop chronic infection (5%). HCV results in chronic infection in 70% of cases. [dermnetnz.org]

• Sepsis

  Acetaminophen Antiseizure medications Isoniazid (Nydrazid) Oral contraceptives Rifampin (Rifadin) Sulfonamides Autoimmune disease Systemic lupus erythematosus Primary biliary cirrhosis Sclerosing cholangitis Autoimmune hepatitis Bacterial infection Sepsis [arupconsult.com]

• Overeating

  With over 10 years of operational experience, we have been able to create awareness against viral hepatitis to more than three million Nigerians. [worldhepatitisalliance.org]

  Chronic If something is continuing to affect the liver over time, after 6 months it is "chronic." Many people with chronic liver problems will have no symptoms at all and may not even know they have a liver problem. [hepatitis.va.gov]

  For example, if you have a bacteria infection that affects the liver, but don’t treat it, the damage to the liver can become so severe over time that it renders the organ incapable of performing its functions. [natureword.com]

  As a chronic disease, HCV can damage the liver over time, leading to scarring, cirrhosis, possible liver cancer and death. [drugs.com]

  Treatment for hepatitis A There is no specific treatment for HAV infection, which usually resolves spontaneously over several weeks. [dermnetnz.org]

• Abdominal Pain

  These symptoms include: Abdominal pain (upper-right side, usually not serious) Nausea (may have vomiting) Diarrhea Fatigue Loss of appetite Fever Muscle or joint pain Weight loss Late-Stage Symptoms of Hepatitis Jaundice (yellowing of the skin, eyes) [schmidtlaw.com]

  Patients often present with fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Multiple serum lab values are often elevated, including AST, ALT, and GGT. [radiopaedia.org]

  The signs vary in intensity and include: fever, nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, jaundice, dark-coloured urine, abdominal pain and muscle aches. Occasionally the diagnosis is made incidentally on the basis of an abnormal liver function test.. [docvadis.ie]

  When hepatitis is acute, common symptoms include: Flu-like symptoms, including loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and joint pain Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes Dark-colored urine Light-colored stools Diarrhea Abdominal pain Hepatitis [fhdigestivecaretampa.com]

• Jaundice

  Treatment of Jaundice In most cases, the appearance of jaundice, while distressing, is not considered an emergency situation. [verywell.com]

  Most of the initial symptoms (poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, and fever) usually disappear at this point, and people feel better even though the jaundice may worsen. The jaundice usually peaks in 1 to 2 weeks, then fades over 2 to 4 weeks. [msdmanuals.com]

  The presence of jaundice indicates advanced liver damage. On physical examination there may be enlargement of the liver. [disabled-world.com]

• Ulcer

  polyarteritis nodosum (tender nodules, livedo reticularis and ulceration ) and capillaritis. [dermnetnz.org]

  Other extrahepatic complications of HCV infection include focal lymphocytic sialadenitis, autoimmune thyroiditis, porphyria cutanea tarda, lichen planus, and Mooren corneal ulcer. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Hydrops Fetalis

  The frequency of human Parvovirus B19 infection in nonimmune hydrops fetalis. J Perinat Med. 1994; 22 :159–163. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 56. Nyman M, Tolfvenstam T, Petersson K, Krassny C, Skjoldebrand-Sparre L, Broliden K. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Kidney Failure

  […] long-term care facilities or who are disabled Children who live in households where another member is infected with the virus Children who have a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia and require blood products Children who require dialysis for kidney [stanfordchildrens.org]

  Hepatitis B can also cause kidney problems, and infected adults are more likely than children to experience kidney failure. Both hepatitis A and E do not lead to chronic infections, according to the CDC. [livescience.com]

  People who used kidney dialysis (a process for people with kidney failure, in which excess water and waste from the blood are removed and purified). Persons who received clotting factor concentrate produced before 1987. [ashasexualhealth.org]

  Complications of liver failure include: bleeding disorders a buildup of fluid in your abdomen, known as ascites increased blood pressure in portal veins that enter your liver, known as portal hypertension kidney failure hepatic encephalopathy, which can [healthline.com]

  Patients receiving long-term dialysis for kidney failure are also at relatively higher risk of HCV infection. The infection can result in long-lasting complications. [encyclopedia.com]

• Irritability

  Inflammation is a tissue’s reaction to irritation or injury. It generally results in pain, redness, and swelling. There are many causes of hepatitis. Viral hepatitis is caused by a virus. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  You have worsening drowsiness, confusion, or irritability. You have vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. Your jaundice worsens. You have a rash or your skin itches. What can be done to help prevent spreading non-A, non-B? Use good health habits. [hepatitiscentral.com]

  Hepatitis A Related Articles Hepatitis A Facts Hepatitis is a general term that means inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver. [emedicinehealth.com]

  People with chronic liver disease are also at risk of developing a combination of symptoms that include joint pain, muscle weakness and skin irritations. The kidneys and brain may also be affected. [southerncross.co.nz]

  * inflammation (in-fla-MAY-shun) is the body's reaction to infection or irritation. * acute means sudden, short, and severe, * chronic (KRON-ik) means continuing for a long period of time. * immune system is the body system that fights disease. [humanillnesses.com]

For some individuals, the risks of treatment may not be justified. Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment Treatment of chronic hepatitis C has evolved, rendering many earlier drugs obsolete. [onhealth.com]

Viekira Pak from AbbVie, a combination HCV treatment, was approved in December 2014. Viekira Pak is used for treatment of genotype 1a and 1b HCV in patients with or without cirrhosis. [drugs.com]

Treatment for hepatitis Treatment depends on the type of hepatitis. Talk to your doctor about the treatment that is recommended for you. [betterhealth.vic.gov.au]

Treatment Hepatitis C is treated with anti-viral medications with the objective of having no hepatitis C virus detected in the body after completion of a 12-week course of treatment. [southerncross.co.nz]

A need for prompt investigation is emphasised by the potentially rapid progression and poor prognosis of some bacterial and fungal infections, and the public health implications of parasitic diseases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment and prognosis Treatment depends on the etiology of the acute hepatitis. [radiopaedia.org]

Acute Hepatitis B Infection, 4.1 What happens when Initially infected. 4.2 Symptoms. 4.3 Treatment 4.4 Prognosis 5. Chronic Hepatitis B infection. 5.1 How does chronic Hepatitis B Develop. 5.2 Symptoms 5.3 Treatment 5.4 Prognosis 6. [hon.ch]

Natural history and prognosis of hepatitis B. Semin Liver Dis. 2003;23(1):47–58. Locarnini S, Hatzakis A, Chen D-S, Lok A. Strategies to control hepatitis B: Public policy, epidemiology, vaccine and drugs. J Hepatol. 2015;62(1):S76–86. [revistagastrocol.com]

What is the prognosis of viral hepatitis? The prognosis of viral hepatitis for most patients is good; however, this prognosis varies somewhat depending on the infecting virus. [medicinenet.com]

In some cases, no clear etiology could be found (cryptogenic cirrhosis). However, the incidence of HCC varies greatly with etiologies and the molecular mechanisms linking cirrhosis and HCC are not well defined. [eurekaselect.com]

Etiologies may include: viral hepatitides: (e.g. [radiopaedia.org]

However, this study did not implicate HGV as an etiologic agent of non-A–E hepatitis. [nejm.org]

Etiology HAV is common in the U.S., whereas HEV is usually acquired by travelers to countries outside the U.S. Both viruses are single-stranded RNA non-enveloped viruses. [atsu.edu]

Definition and Etiology Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a cause of acute liver inflammation or hepatitis. It can cause relapsing signs and symptoms but not a chronic infection. The virus is a 27-nm-diameter nonenveloped RNA virus. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Related Journals: American Journal of Epidemiology, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, International Journal of Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Journal of Immunology, Annual Review of Immunology, Journal of Allergy [hepatitis.imedpub.com]

This review encompasses the major infections of the liver and biliary tree other than viral hepatitis and includes aspects of pathogenicity, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The diverse patterns of hepatitis A epidemiology in the United States: implications for vaccination strategies. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1579–1594. Weekly epidemiological record. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Worldwide epidemiology of HBV infection, disease burden, and vaccine prevention. [wiki.cancer.org.au]

Strategies to control hepatitis B: Public policy, epidemiology, vaccine and drugs. J Hepatol. 2015;62(1):S76–86. Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection-natu- ral history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(11):1118–29. [revistagastrocol.com]

Pathophysiology It is not our intention to engage in a detailed discussion of the pathophysiology of hepatitis B virus-induced liver disease. [tpis.upmc.com]

[…] source is found in 42% of all cases. 4 In the United States, a region of relatively low hepatitis A endemicity, calculations based on surveillance data from 1989 indicated annual medical and work-loss costs of approximately US $200 million. 5 Back to Top Pathophysiology [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Pathophysiology Hepatitis A The incubation period of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is 15-45 days (average, 4 weeks). The virus is excreted in stool during the first few weeks of infection, before the onset of symptoms. [emedicine.medscape.com]

No vaccine is yet available to prevent hepatitis C. Most people recover from hepatitis, and the disease is often preventable. However, it is still considered a serious health risk because it can: Destroy liver tissue. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Viral Hepatitis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). [womenshealth.gov]

Prevention : No vaccine is available. Prevention methods include: Abstain from sex or practice safer sex, including using latex or polyurethane condoms. Do not share injection drug equipment. [uhs.umich.edu]

However, later administration attenuates the clinical expression of HAV infection. 12 These recommendations for the prevention of hepatitis A are advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

How to prevent hepatitis C As this is often passed on through the transfer of infected bodily fluids, the following steps can help prevent HCV transmission: Do not share needles, toothbrushes, or manicure equipment. [medicalnewstoday.com]