The presentation and management of the case along with and review of the relevant literature is presented. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fishing

  Pure tetrasomy 20p was confirmed using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a telomere probe for chromosome 20p in all seven metaphase cells. The pregnancy was terminated because of associated multiple anomalies and severe oligohydramnios. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Localized Pain

  Some patients may present with complaints of headaches, vomiting, or intense local pain, especially on the application of mild pressure to the unprotected cerebral cortex. Some cases may predispose to epilepsy. [jclpca.org]

• Soft Tissue Swelling

  Since her birth, a palpable skull defects in the middle of the high parietal area and a soft tissue swelling over the occiput of her head was noticed, which was painful to touch and caused severe occipital headaches when local pressure was applied. [jclpca.org]

• Flushing

  The malformation stem is coagulated with bipolar forceps and sectioned flush with the dura or the sinus. Dura not opened: Intradural exploration is unnecessary and adds significant risk of injury to the sinus. [ispn.guide]

• Subcutaneous Nodule

  Mention should be made of the small, often noncystic subcutaneous nodules that similar to cephaloceles contain meninges with or without brain tissue but lack open communication with the cranial cavity. [medlink.com]

• Pericardial Effusion

  Prenatal sonograms revealed polyhydramnios, subgaleal edema, microcephaly, a narrow thorax, pericardial effusion, and a severe short-limbed dwarfism with unossified tubular bones and vertebral bodies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The age of the patient, size of the sac, pathologies that accompanied the condition, and treatments applied were assessed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment Treatment Options: Treatment is largely supportive. Attempts at repair of retinal detachments often fail and phthisis bulbi is not uncommon. References [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

After we carefully evaluate your baby, we tailor a treatment plan to their needs. [seattlechildrens.org]

[…] large subtorcular occipital encephalocele in neonate carries higher risk of associated hindbrain anomalies and secondary process for neurological deterioration which predict the surgical outcomes and long-term prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment and prognosis The prognosis is variable depending on the presence of associated anomalies and presence of microcephaly (carries a much poorer prognosis). [radiopaedia.org]

These lesions affect children from the low socioeconomic class, but its etiology remains poorly understood.[ 8 ] Encephaloceles can be congenital or acquired secondary to tumor, hydrocephalus or other cause.[ 9 ] Some suggest that its etiology could be [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

They are organised into groups, and further divided into clinical, etiological or histopathological sub-types. [orpha.net]

The etiology is controversial. [fetalsono.com]

Encephalocele Causes The exact etiology of this condition has not been determined by the medical experts yet. As aforementioned, the neural tube fails to close completely during fetal development, causing sac-like protrusions of the meninges. [hxbenefit.com]

The exact etiology of the disease is complex, and the associated risk factors have remained obscure. [asianjns.org]

Aims and Objectives: To determine the epidemiological features, patterns of encephalocele, and its postsurgical results. Materials and Methods: The study was carried from year July 2012 to June 2015. [pediatricneurosciences.com]

This chapter presents our best understanding of the classification schemes, embryopathogenesis, epidemiology, management, outcomes, and prognosis for children with encephalocele. [clinicalgate.com]

Epidemiology of frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocoele in Burma. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1984; 38 :89–98. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 12. Bhagwati S, Mahapatra A. Pediatric Neurosurgery. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Most registries and epidemiological studies classify encephaloceles using broad categories like frontal, parietal, occipital and sphenoidal. [rarediseases.org]

East Ireland 1980-1994: Epidemiology of neural tube defects. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:782-8. [PUBMED] 7. Siffel C, Wong LY, Olney RS, Correa A. Survival of infants diagnosed with encephalocele in Atlanta, 1979-98. [asianjns.org]

Additional information is included concerning the pathophysiology and pathology of the disorders being discussed as well as basic information concerning the causative genes (when appropriate). [books.google.ro]

Wang Y, Liu G, Canfield MA, Mai CT, Gilboa SM, Meyer RE, Anderka M, Copeland GE, Kucik JE, Nembhard WN, Kirby RS; National Birth Defects Prevention Network. [cdc.gov]

No drains: Wound dressings under slight pressure are usually sufficient to prevent subcutaneous blood collections. Scroll back to top [ispn.guide]

Encephalocele Prevention Although the condition cannot be prevented completely, certain steps can be taken to decrease the chances of development. [hxbenefit.com]

Condition specific organizations Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) National Organization for Rare Disorders Additional information and resources for families are available. [health.state.mn.us]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts About Encephalocele. February 25th, 2011. Available at: Accessed On: 10/24/2011 Seattle’s Children Hospital. Encephalocele. [rarediseases.org]