Presumed OS: diagnosis not supported by biopsy, but BHL present with two intraocular signs. [eyewiki.aao.org]

A 32-year-old man with no systemic complaints presented with floating spots and blurred vision in the left eye for 1 week. [jrheum.org]

Nonspecific optic nerve head swelling (papillitis), direct invasion of the optic disc or nerve, or papilledema due to increased intracranial pressure may be present. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Patients with ocular sarcoidosis can present with a wide range of clinical presentations and severity. Multi-disciplinary approaches are required to achieve the best treatment outcomes for both ocular and systemic manifestations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

B lymphocytes and plasma cells were present in a few foci. Within the granuloma, T lymphocytes, macrophages, and epithelioid cells showed membrane labeling for interleukin 2 receptors and interferon gamma. [jamanetwork.com]

• Osteoporosis

  Among the most common serious side effects of oral steroids are hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus, hypertension, myopathy, susceptibility to infections, impaired wound healing, adrenal suppression, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, Cushing’s syndrome, and mental-status [dovepress.com]

• Conjunctival Nodule

  Sarcoidosis presents with ocular involvement in 20–30% of patients1, with the most common ocular manifestations being granulomatous uveitis, dry eye, and conjunctival nodules. [jrheum.org]

  The most common ocular manifestations are uveitis, dry eye and conjunctival nodules. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The most common types of ocular involvement are uveitis and conjunctival nodules[8]. [eyewiki.aao.org]

  The most common ocular manifestations are uveitis (30%–70%) and conjunctival nodules (40%).62-66 Uveitis is a frequent and early feature of sarcoidosis. [bjo.bmj.com]

  Follicular conjunctivitis, conjunctival nodules, and granulomas in the palpebral conjunctiva can be observed and respond well to topical steroid treatment. [dovepress.com]

• Eye Irritation

  The patient had chronic eyelid nodules which subsequently caused eye irritation and eyelid deformities with mucocutaneous notching. She had extensive scarring of the posterior lamella causing entropion and trichiasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Irritability

  The patient had chronic eyelid nodules which subsequently caused eye irritation and eyelid deformities with mucocutaneous notching. She had extensive scarring of the posterior lamella causing entropion and trichiasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Peripheral Neuropathy

  neuropathy, myopathy, seizure, aseptic meningitis, hydrocephalus, spinal cord involvement and psychiatric symptoms.27 Cranial neuropathy is the most frequent manifestation of neurosarcoidosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Bilateral Hilar Adenopathy

  Löfgren syndrome, which is characterized by erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar adenopathy, and arthralgias, is associated with anterior uveitis in 6% of patients. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  The appearance of the chest radiograph is usually used to classify a pulmonary sarcoid: stage 1 represents bilateral hilar adenopathy without parenchymal involvement, stage 2 bilateral adenopathy with parenchymal involvement; and stage 3 is pulmonary [bjo.bmj.com]

  Chest x-ray for bilateral symmetric hilar adenopathy 4. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] a clear indication for uveitis, while all other steroid-sparing treatments continue to be used off-label. [dovepress.com]

Treatment Sarcoidosis eye treatment depends on the area of the eye affected. [verywellhealth.com]

Treatment of complications Chronic ocular inflammation secondary to sarcoidosis and treatment thereof can lead to a number of vision-threatening complications such as cataract, glaucoma, and CME which must also be considered. [eyewiki.aao.org]

The indication for systemic treatment in ocular disease includes optic neuritis and severe or topical treatment resistant posterior uveitis. [bjo.bmj.com]

It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. [sarcoidosisnews.com]

[…] has been noted and, further, specific HLA associations have been connected with disease susceptibility and outcome—for example, HLA-B8 and DR-3 with Löfgren's syndrome (acute systemic disease with fever, polyarthritis, erythema nodosum, and favourable prognosis [bjo.bmj.com]

Neovascularization of the retina was found in approximately one fourth of Spalton's patients with sarcoid retinitis and was the most significant factor contributing to poor prognosis. [4] Sequelae included vitreous hemorrhage, ischemia, and retinal detachment [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prognosis of ocular sarcoidosis Visual prognosis of ocular sarcoidosis may vary depending upon severity and chronicity of eye inflammation, a delay in presentation to a specialist, and ocular complications secondary to uveitis.9 A long-term prognostic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Certain alleles, such as HLA-DRB1 (HLA-DRB1*11, *12, *14, *15) are principally correlated with susceptibility, disease phenotype, and prognosis. [dovepress.com]

Studies with no data on uveitis underlying etiology or not inclusive of sarcoidosis of uveitis cases were excluded. We focused our review on newer trends in intravitreally used agents and biologics. [dovepress.com]

Disease Entity Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas. [eyewiki.aao.org]

[…] demonstrated a prevalence (68%) of biopsy-proven and presumed sarcoidosis,17 while Ossewaarde-Van Norel at el reported a 39% rate.18 Of note, 62% of patients in the former study received a chest CT scan,17 but only 26% did in the latter.18 A Case Control Etiologic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Journal Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pan Afr Med J Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pan Afr Med J Journal ID (publisher-id): PAMJ Title: The Pan African Medical Journal Publisher: The African Field Epidemiology Network ISSN (Electronic): 1937-8688 Publication date (Electronic [scienceopen.com]

Epidemiology Sarcoidosis is a global disease but is more common in Nordic and African American populations[4]. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Epidemiology Ocular involvement of sarcoidosis has been known since the early 1900s, and has become more recognized since mid-1900s.1 Variability in the diagnostic criteria has made epidemiologic studies of ocular sarcoidosis challenging. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sarcoidosis: the links between epidemiology and aetiology. Postgrad Med J. 2014;90:582–589. 6. Goto H, Mochizuki M, Yamaki K, Kotake S, Usui M, Ohno S. Epidemiological survey of intraocular inflammation in Japan. [dovepress.com]

Epidemiology Sarcoidosis occurs worldwide but is predominant in certain ethnic and racial groups (for example, US blacks, Scandinavian and Irish white people).12 Black patients present typically with more severe and acute disease whereas the white patients [bjo.bmj.com]

Proper monitoring and treatment can slow or prevent permanent damage. Sarcoidosis patients should see an eye doctor at least once per year to check for complications. [verywellhealth.com]

Medicines called topical cycloplegics, such as cyclopentolate or atropine, work to dilate the pupil and prevent muscle spasms and may be given alongside corticosteroids to reduce pain. [sarcoidosisnews.com]

Management Treatment of ocular sarcoidosis aims to restore vision and prevent complications from inflammation, particularly uveitis because it is the most common presentation. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Long-term follow up and medication compliance are required for treatment success to prevent permanent visual damage from both ocular inflammation and drug-related adverse effects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

They are commonly used along with cycloplegics to prevent posterior synechiae formation and to ease ciliary muscle spasm. [dovepress.com]