A 13-year-old adolescent with a history of menorrhagia since menarche, presented to the pediatric emergency room with worsening abdominal pain and heavy vaginal bleeding stopping her oral contraceptive pill 10 days prior to presentation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Galactorrhea

  Oral contraceptive use has also been demonstrated to decrease incidence of galactorrhea. [glowm.com]

• Nausea

  A young female presented with acute left lower quadrant pain followed by nausea and vomiting. She was found to have haematuria and elevated serum creatine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  You may have slight nausea the first month, but this usually goes away with time. [youngwomenshealth.org]

  Keep in mind, fewer women experience nausea and vomiting after taking progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills. [ec.princeton.edu]

• Abdominal Pain

  The abdominal wall might be considered to be an unlikely source of prolonged abdominal pain, but one study reported that in 15% of patients with prolonged, nonspecific abdominal pain, the abdominal wall was the source of the complaint. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hypertension

  A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between duration of oral contraceptive use and risk of hypertension. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The relationship between these laboratory findings and the development of hypertension in susceptible individuals is not clearly defined. [annals.org]

  Predictive value of routine blood pressure measurements in screening for hypertension. Am J Epidemiol. 1983 ; 117 :429-442. Crossref Medline Google Scholar 21 Woods JW. Oral contraceptives and hypertension. [ahajournals.org]

  […] artery disease Carcinoma of the breast or other estrogen-dependent neoplasia Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding Known or suspected pregnancy Benign or malignant liver tumor Relative contraindications to contraceptives include: Age over 45 Diabetes Hypertension [library.med.utah.edu]

• Muscle Cramp

  Cramp Nausea Placebos Pregnanes Progestins Pub Type(s) Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical Trial Journal Article Language eng PubMed ID 4908221 TY - JOUR T1 - A new type of oral contraceptive. [unboundmedicine.com]

• Hirsutism

  Certain types of progestins have more potent antiandrogenic properties and are more effective in treating acne, hirsutism, and polycystic ovary syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Acne and hirsutism may be improved with the use of more estrogenic formulations and the newest progestin formulations. [aafp.org]

  The EMA reminded prescribers that these preparations should only be used for the treatment of moderate to severe acne related to androgen sensitivity or hirsutism in women of reproductive age. [who.int]

  COCPs are preferred in women who also suffer from uncontrolled acne and symptoms of hirsutism, or male patterned hair growth, because COCPs can help treats these symptoms. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Alopecia

  Myth: General Health Problems Some women believe that COCs cause hair loss (alopecia), asthma, and headaches. [ippf.org]

• Acne Vulgaris

  Obstet Gynecol 89:615-622, 1997 41 Lucky AW, Henderson TA, Olson WH, et al: Effectiveness of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol in treating moderate acne vulgaris. [glowm.com]

• Chloasma

  Chloasma (spotty darkening of the skin on the face). Darkening of the skin on the upper lip, cheeks, forehead, or under the eyes (chloasma). This may slowly fade after you stop taking the pills, but in most cases, it is permanent. [emedexpert.com]

• Loss of Libido

  […] places Bleeding or spotting between menstrual periods Changes in menstrual flow Painful or missed periods Breast tenderness, enlargement, or discharge Loss of appetite Loss of energy Depression Loss of libido If you experience these or any other symptoms [womenshealth.about.com]

  Myth: Sexual Desire and Sexual Pleasure Some clients who seek family planning may believe that COCs reduce sexual pleasure or interest in sex (loss of libido) or that they cause frigidity in women. [ippf.org]

• Amenorrhea

  Type your tag names separated by a space and hit enter Links Publisher Full Text Authors Source MeSH Adult Amenorrhea Clinical Trials as Topic Contraceptives, Oral Endometrium Ethinyl Estradiol Female Headache Humans Megestrol Menorrhagia Mucus Muscle [unboundmedicine.com]

  * P < 0.001 statistically significant difference for asoprisnil 10 mg or 25 mg versus placebo for change from baseline, using the Hochberg multiple comparison procedure with an initial critical P = 0.05 Percentage of women with incremental amenorrhea [humrep.oxfordjournals.org]

  OCs may cause breakthrough bleeding (which may resolve with time or when the estrogen dose is increased) or amenorrhea; amenorrhea, if not acceptable, may resolve when the progestin dose is decreased. [merckmanuals.com]

  Amenorrhea Amenorrhea (including hypothalmic amenorrhea) is a condition in which there is an absence of menstrual periods in a woman. There... [medicinenet.com]

• Metrorrhagia

  Premenstrual syndrome Hirsutism Ovarian and endometrial cancer Functional ovarian cysts Benign breast cysts Ectopic pregnancy Acne Endometriosis TABLE 2 Noncontraceptive Benefits of Oral Contraceptive Pills* Dysmenorrhea Mittelschmerz Metrorrhagia Premenstrual [aafp.org]

• Stroke

  RESULTS: Women with rs1256065 CC genotype were at a 1.59 fold increased risk of stroke. Subtype analyses showed that the risk genotype of rs1256065 was associated with ischemic stroke, but not with hemorrhagic stroke. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] in Women, Stroke, 45 :5, (1545-1588), Online publication date: 1-May-2014. [ahajournals.org]

  Obesity Is Risk Factor for Rare Type of Stroke in Women Using Oral Contraceptives Mar. 14, 2016 — Obese women who used oral contraceptives appeared to have increased risk for a rare type of stroke known as a cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) compared with [sciencedaily.com]

  COC users were at increased risk of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke compared with non-users: relative risk ( RR ) 1.6 (95% CI 1.3-1.9).These RRs were similar for myocardial infarction (1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.1) and ischemic stroke (1.7, 95% CI [cochrane.org]

• Headache

  KEYWORDS: Aetiology; Headache; Oral contraceptive; Patent foramen ovale [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Medication overuse headache. Headache. 2014:1251-7. 156 - Munksgaard SB, Bendtsen L, Jensen RH. [richtlijnendatabase.nl]

The diagnostic workup, therefore, often includes superfluous and expensive tests, as well as invasive procedures which do not contribute to the final diagnosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Estrogen Increased

  Thus, estrogen increases plasma concentrations of these clotting factors by increasing gene transcription. [ebmconsult.com]

  Oral contraceptives containing high-dose estrogen increased breast cancer risk 2.7-fold, while those containing moderate-dose estrogen presented a 1.6-fold increased risk. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  The incidence of deep venous thrombosis and thromboembolism (eg, pulmonary embolism) increases as the estrogen dose is increased. With OCs that contain 10 to 35 mcg of estrogen, risk is 2 to 4 times the risk at baseline. [merckmanuals.com]

  Estrogens can inhibit the metabolism (elimination) of cyclosporine, resulting in increased cyclosporine blood levels. Such increased blood levels can result in kidney and/or liver damage. [medicinenet.com]

• Hypertriglyceridemia

  She developed severe worsening of preexisting hypertriglyceridemia after treatment with oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for polycystic ovary syndrome. Her hypertriglyceridemia improved upon OCP discontinuation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The estrogen in OCs increases triglyceride levels and can exacerbate preexisting hypertriglyceridemia. Most alterations in serum levels of other metabolites are not clinically significant. [merckmanuals.com]

  The status of hypertriglyceridemia as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Clin Lab Med 1989 ; 9: 153 –68. 32. Kannel WB.. Metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women: perspective from the Framingham Study. [nejm.org]

  Severe hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are also currently contraindications, but the evidence showing that COCP's lead to worse outcomes in this population is weak. Obesity is not considered to be a contraindication to taking COCPs. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Hypercholesterolemia

  Severe hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are also currently contraindications, but the evidence showing that COCP's lead to worse outcomes in this population is weak. Obesity is not considered to be a contraindication to taking COCPs. [en.wikipedia.org]

  The patient who is sedentary, is overweight, smokes heavily, is hypertensive, is diabetic, or has hypercholesterolemia is clearly at risk. Hepatocellular adenoma: These benign liver tumors have been associated with the use of oral contraceptives. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma in pregnancy is very rare. Because it is associated with high maternal and fetal rnortality, the risk group of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in pregnant women must be closely monitored. [kjg.or.kr]

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in certain parts of the world, particularly in Africa and Asia, but it is less commonly encountered in the United States. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Participants received NuvaRing or COC for 13 cycles (3 weeks of ring/pill treatment followed by a 1-week ring-free/pill-free period). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The association between tumor cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression and breast cancer prognosis has been inconsistent. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Endometriosis (Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Prognosis) Endometriosis implants are most commonly found on the ovaries, the Fallopian tubes, outer surfaces of the uterus or intestines,... [medicinenet.com]

Comorbidity of migraine and depression: investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology. 2003;60(8):1308-12. 144 - Hung CI, Wang SJ, Yang CH, Liu CY. [richtlijnendatabase.nl]

All under- went a complete etiological examination including assessment for the thermolabile C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In rare cases in which myocardial infarcts have been found, the cause has been noted to be of thrombotic rather than of atherosclerotic etiology. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Willett the Departments of Epidemiology (L.C. [ahajournals.org]

California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA. 4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

However, the patient had positive anti-basal ganglia antibodies, which supports an immunological basis for the pathophysiology of this chorea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment of medication-overuse headache. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(4):391-401. 11 - Neurologie NVv. [richtlijnendatabase.nl]

There is no doubt about the preventive role of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) in development of ovarian cancers. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Progestin-only pills primarily work by thickening the cervical mucus and less often they prevent ovulation. Taking birth control pills daily maintains the level of hormones that is needed to prevent pregnancy. [shcs.ucdavis.edu]

Oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy, but they do not prevent sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. [uspharmacist.com]

Food & Drug Administration mandated a warning on the label that it would prevent ovulation. And women quickly learned that this pill would prevent pregnancy. By 1959 over 500,000 American women used Enovid for contraception. [case.edu]