A 13-year-old adolescent with a history of menorrhagia since menarche, presented to the pediatric emergency room with worsening abdominal pain and heavy vaginal bleeding stopping her oral contraceptive pill 10 days prior to presentation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Galactorrhea

  Oral contraceptive use has also been demonstrated to decrease incidence of galactorrhea. [glowm.com]

• Nausea

  A young female presented with acute left lower quadrant pain followed by nausea and vomiting. She was found to have haematuria and elevated serum creatine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Keep in mind, fewer women experience nausea and vomiting after taking progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills. [ec.princeton.edu]

  You may have slight nausea the first month, but this usually goes away with time. [youngwomenshealth.org]

• Abdominal Pain

  The abdominal wall might be considered to be an unlikely source of prolonged abdominal pain, but one study reported that in 15% of patients with prolonged, nonspecific abdominal pain, the abdominal wall was the source of the complaint. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hypertension

  The relationship between these laboratory findings and the development of hypertension in susceptible individuals is not clearly defined. [annals.org]

  Predictive value of routine blood pressure measurements in screening for hypertension. Am J Epidemiol. 1983 ; 117 :429-442. Crossref Medline Google Scholar 21 Woods JW. Oral contraceptives and hypertension. [ahajournals.org]

  […] artery disease Carcinoma of the breast or other estrogen-dependent neoplasia Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding Known or suspected pregnancy Benign or malignant liver tumor Relative contraindications to contraceptives include: Age over 45 Diabetes Hypertension [library.med.utah.edu]

  Other risk factors (tobacco use, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes) must be carefully considered when prescribing combined oral contraceptives in migraine without aura patients, in particular in women aged over 35 years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hirsutism

  Certain types of progestins have more potent antiandrogenic properties and are more effective in treating acne, hirsutism, and polycystic ovary syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Acne and hirsutism may be improved with the use of more estrogenic formulations and the newest progestin formulations. [aafp.org]

  The EMA reminded prescribers that these preparations should only be used for the treatment of moderate to severe acne related to androgen sensitivity or hirsutism in women of reproductive age. [who.int]

  Improved excess hair (hirsutism). Women with excessive facial or body hair may notice an improvement while taking the Pill, because androgens and testosterone are suppressed by oral contraceptives 20. [emedexpert.com]

• Alopecia

  Myth: General Health Problems Some women believe that COCs cause hair loss (alopecia), asthma, and headaches. [ippf.org]

• Acne Vulgaris

  Obstet Gynecol 89:615-622, 1997 41 Lucky AW, Henderson TA, Olson WH, et al: Effectiveness of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol in treating moderate acne vulgaris. [glowm.com]

• Chloasma

  Chloasma (spotty darkening of the skin on the face). Darkening of the skin on the upper lip, cheeks, forehead, or under the eyes (chloasma). This may slowly fade after you stop taking the pills, but in most cases, it is permanent. [emedexpert.com]

• Loss of Libido

  […] places Bleeding or spotting between menstrual periods Changes in menstrual flow Painful or missed periods Breast tenderness, enlargement, or discharge Loss of appetite Loss of energy Depression Loss of libido If you experience these or any other symptoms [womenshealth.about.com]

  Myth: Sexual Desire and Sexual Pleasure Some clients who seek family planning may believe that COCs reduce sexual pleasure or interest in sex (loss of libido) or that they cause frigidity in women. [ippf.org]

• Amenorrhea

  Type your tag names separated by a space and hit enter Links Publisher Full Text Authors Source MeSH Adult Amenorrhea Clinical Trials as Topic Contraceptives, Oral Endometrium Ethinyl Estradiol Female Headache Humans Megestrol Menorrhagia Mucus Muscle [unboundmedicine.com]

  * P < 0.001 statistically significant difference for asoprisnil 10 mg or 25 mg versus placebo for change from baseline, using the Hochberg multiple comparison procedure with an initial critical P = 0.05 Percentage of women with incremental amenorrhea [humrep.oxfordjournals.org]

  OCs may cause breakthrough bleeding (which may resolve with time or when the estrogen dose is increased) or amenorrhea; amenorrhea, if not acceptable, may resolve when the progestin dose is decreased. [merckmanuals.com]

  Amenorrhea Amenorrhea (including hypothalmic amenorrhea) is a condition in which there is an absence of menstrual periods in a woman. There... [medicinenet.com]

• Metrorrhagia

  Premenstrual syndrome Hirsutism Ovarian and endometrial cancer Functional ovarian cysts Benign breast cysts Ectopic pregnancy Acne Endometriosis TABLE 2 Noncontraceptive Benefits of Oral Contraceptive Pills* Dysmenorrhea Mittelschmerz Metrorrhagia Premenstrual [aafp.org]

• Stroke

  RESULTS: Women with rs1256065 CC genotype were at a 1.59 fold increased risk of stroke. Subtype analyses showed that the risk genotype of rs1256065 was associated with ischemic stroke, but not with hemorrhagic stroke. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Obesity Is Risk Factor for Rare Type of Stroke in Women Using Oral Contraceptives Mar. 14, 2016 — Obese women who used oral contraceptives appeared to have increased risk for a rare type of stroke known as a cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) compared with [sciencedaily.com]

  […] in Women, Stroke, 45 :5, (1545-1588), Online publication date: 1-May-2014. [ahajournals.org]

  COC users were at increased risk of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke compared with non-users: relative risk ( RR ) 1.6 (95% CI 1.3-1.9).These RRs were similar for myocardial infarction (1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.1) and ischemic stroke (1.7, 95% CI [cochrane.org]

• Headache

  KEYWORDS: Aetiology; Headache; Oral contraceptive; Patent foramen ovale [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Viral Hepatitis, Cirrhosis ) Undiagnosed Vaginal Bleeding Pregnancy Breast Cancer Migraine Headache with aura See Migraine Headache in Women See Cerebrovascular Accident Risk in Women Also contraindicated in Migraine Headache without aura in women over [fpnotebook.com]

The diagnostic workup, therefore, often includes superfluous and expensive tests, as well as invasive procedures which do not contribute to the final diagnosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Estrogen Increased

  Oral contraceptives containing high-dose estrogen increased breast cancer risk 2.7-fold, while those containing moderate-dose estrogen presented a 1.6-fold increased risk. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Thus, estrogen increases plasma concentrations of these clotting factors by increasing gene transcription. [ebmconsult.com]

  The incidence of deep venous thrombosis and thromboembolism (eg, pulmonary embolism) increases as the estrogen dose is increased. With OCs that contain 10 to 35 mcg of estrogen, risk is 2 to 4 times the risk at baseline. [merckmanuals.com]

  Estrogens can inhibit the metabolism (elimination) of cyclosporine, resulting in increased cyclosporine blood levels. Such increased blood levels can result in kidney and/or liver damage. [medicinenet.com]

• Hypertriglyceridemia

  She developed severe worsening of preexisting hypertriglyceridemia after treatment with oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for polycystic ovary syndrome. Her hypertriglyceridemia improved upon OCP discontinuation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The estrogen in OCs increases triglyceride levels and can exacerbate preexisting hypertriglyceridemia. Most alterations in serum levels of other metabolites are not clinically significant. [merckmanuals.com]

  The status of hypertriglyceridemia as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Clin Lab Med 1989 ; 9: 153 –68. 32. Kannel WB.. Metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women: perspective from the Framingham Study. [nejm.org]

  Severe hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are also currently contraindications, but the evidence showing that COCP's lead to worse outcomes in this population is weak. Obesity is not considered to be a contraindication to taking COCPs. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Hypercholesterolemia

  The patient who is sedentary, is overweight, smokes heavily, is hypertensive, is diabetic, or has hypercholesterolemia is clearly at risk. Hepatocellular adenoma: These benign liver tumors have been associated with the use of oral contraceptives. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Severe hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are also currently contraindications, but the evidence showing that COCP's lead to worse outcomes in this population is weak. Obesity is not considered to be a contraindication to taking COCPs. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in certain parts of the world, particularly in Africa and Asia, but it is less commonly encountered in the United States. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma in pregnancy is very rare. Because it is associated with high maternal and fetal rnortality, the risk group of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in pregnant women must be closely monitored. [kjg.or.kr]

The 2 treatments were given in randomized order, with a 4-week washout period following the last administration of the first treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The association between tumor cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression and breast cancer prognosis has been inconsistent. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Endometriosis (Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Prognosis) Endometriosis implants are most commonly found on the ovaries, the Fallopian tubes, outer surfaces of the uterus or intestines,... [medicinenet.com]

Comorbidity of migraine and depression: investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology. 2003;60(8):1308-12. 144 - Hung CI, Wang SJ, Yang CH, Liu CY. [richtlijnendatabase.nl]

All under- went a complete etiological examination including assessment for the thermolabile C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In rare cases in which myocardial infarcts have been found, the cause has been noted to be of thrombotic rather than of atherosclerotic etiology. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2013; 22(11):1931-1943. [PubMed Abstract] Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies on Endometrial Cancer. [cancer.gov]

California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA. 4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Whereas the pathophysiology of RCVS remains unclear, changes in the levels of female hormones are considered important because RCVS predominantly affects women and is frequently associated with pregnancy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment of medication-overuse headache. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(4):391-401. 11 - Neurologie NVv. [richtlijnendatabase.nl]

There is no doubt about the preventive role of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) in development of ovarian cancers. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Progestin-only pills primarily work by thickening the cervical mucus and less often they prevent ovulation. Taking birth control pills daily maintains the level of hormones that is needed to prevent pregnancy. [shcs.ucdavis.edu]

Oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy, but they do not prevent sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. [uspharmacist.com]

Food & Drug Administration mandated a warning on the label that it would prevent ovulation. And women quickly learned that this pill would prevent pregnancy. By 1959 over 500,000 American women used Enovid for contraception. [case.edu]

If taken correctly, the efficacy of oral contraceptives in preventing pregnancy is stated to be 99.9%. [compoundchem.com]