Most often it affects the lungs, although some patients present the disease in other organs and systems. [bjid.org.br]

We present a case of a patient with dermatomyositis on chronic steroid therapy, who presented with tuberculosis involving the tongue as the only clinical manifestation of disseminated disease. [hindawi.com]

Oral lesions of TB are nonspecific in their clinical presentation and often are overlooked in differential diagnosis, especially when oral lesions are present before systemic symptoms become apparent. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

That tuberculin allergy specifically produced by oral BCG presents well defined characters, being almost always moderate and regressive (Assis 1950). [scielo.br]

• Inflammation

  The evaluation is based on the diameter of the inflammation area measured transversally against the longitudinal direction of the challenged forearm. An inflammation area over 10mm in immunocompetent subjects is considered a positive result. [bjid.org.br]

  One common mode of entry for the microorganism is into an area of periapical inflammation by way of the bloodstream. [journals.lww.com]

  Any area of chronic irritation or inflammation may favour localization of the Mycobacterium associated with the disease. Deep tubercular ulcers of the tongue are typical in appearance with a thick mucous material at the base. [scielo.org.za]

  Any area of chronic irritation or inflammation may favor localization of the Mycobacterium associated with the disease [18]. Deep tubercular ulcers of the tongue are typical in appearance with a thick mucous material at the base. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Trauma, as the patient reported in this case, or inflammation of an area in the oral cavity due to smoking may serve as a predisposing factor for either primary or secondary disease [4]. [hindawi.com]

• Lymphadenopathy

  The oral manifestation of TB may present as an ulcerative, painless lesion on the palate, lips, or tongue, accompanied by persistent cervical lymphadenopathy.8 The differential diagnosis of TB ulcers includes a variety of ulcerative diseases and conditions [bjid.org.br]

  […] methodology were the absence of proven or even suspected tuberculosis mortality or morbidity; the reduction of infant mortality to 3.28%; absence of abnormal radiological tests in the first 12 months; presence of 14.7% of radiographic images of transitory lymphadenopathy [scielo.br]

  It is usually associated with regional lymphadenopathy. [journals.lww.com]

• Swelling

  Occasional mucosal lesions show swelling, granular, modular, or fissured lesions, but no obvious clinical ulcerations.[1314] TB may also involve the bone of maxilla or mandible. [journals.lww.com]

  It can also present on the tongue as macroglossia, around upper aero digestive tract as parotitis, intra-osseous lesions, preauricular swelling and trismus, tracheitis and laryngitis [28]. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fever

  The patient complained of pain, productive cough for the past 15 days, night sweats, episodic fever in the morning, and slight weight loss in the previous two months. [bjid.org.br]

  Systemic symptoms of weight loss, anorexia, fever and night sweats may also be present. [hindawi.com]

• Sputum

  Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis relies on a sputum sample, which cannot be easily obtained from all symptomatic patients. [nature.com]

  These lesions are usually secondarily inoculated with infected sputum or are due to haematogenous spread. [scielo.org.za]

  The patient was placed on airborne precautions and three induced sputum specimens were obtained. Induced sputum specimens returned positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and culture demonstrated M. tuberculosis. [hindawi.com]

  Risk factors related TB Pulmonary TB (PTB) is a multibacillary disease and sputum of these patients contains a larger number of bacilli. [journals.lww.com]

  These lesions are usually secondarily inoculated with infected sputum or due to hematogenous spread. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Cough

  The patient complained of pain, productive cough for the past 15 days, night sweats, episodic fever in the morning, and slight weight loss in the previous two months. [bjid.org.br]

  Rubber dams can be used to minimize aerosol contact however, if coughing is evident, rubber dam should not be used. [scielo.org.za]

  She had no cough, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, chest pain, or joint or back pain. She denied any gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or neurologic complaints. [hindawi.com]

  Rubber dams can be accustomed to minimize aerosol contact, nevertheless if coughing occurs it should not be used. [journals.lww.com]

  Rubber dams can be used to minimize aerosol contact however, if coughing occurs rubber dam should not be used. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Productive Cough

  The patient complained of pain, productive cough for the past 15 days, night sweats, episodic fever in the morning, and slight weight loss in the previous two months. [bjid.org.br]

• Oral Ulcers

  Oral lesions seem to occur as chronic ulcers, nodular or granular areas, and rare, firm leukoplakia regions. [bjid.org.br]

  The aphthous ulcers, traumatic ulcers, syphilitic ulcers, and malignancy, including primary squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and metastases are the differential diagnosis of the tubercular ulcer of the oral cavity. [journals.lww.com]

  TB of the oral cavity frequently simulates cancerous lesions and other problems such as traumatic ulcers, aphthous ulcers, ac-tinomycosis, syphilitic ulcer, or Wegener's granuloma. [scielo.org.za]

  The most common site for oral tuberculosis is the tongue, and the typical presentation is an ulcerative tender lesion, as was demonstrated in our patient. [hindawi.com]

  TB of the oral cavity frequently simulates cancerous lesions and others like traumatic ulcers, aphthous ulcers, actinomycosis, syphilitic ulcer, or Wegener's granuloma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Poor Oral Hygiene

  Local factors that may facilitate the invasion of oral mucosa include poor oral hygiene, leukoplakia, local trauma, and irritation by clove chewing, etc. [scielo.org.za]

  Examples of systemic factors are immunosuppression and the increase in virulence of pathogens.8 In turn, the list of local factors includes poor oral hygiene, local trauma, chronic inflammations, tooth eruption, surgical lesions, periodontal disease, [bjid.org.br]

  Poor oral hygiene, local trauma, leukoplakia, and irritation by clove chewing can also be considered as the attributing factors.[567] Immunocompromised states, such as HIV, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, malignancies prolonged corticosteroids therapy [journals.lww.com]

  Local factor that may facilitate the invasion of oral mucosa includes poor oral hygiene, leukoplakia, local trauma, and irritation by clove chewing, etc. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Aphthous Ulceration

  The aphthous ulcers, traumatic ulcers, syphilitic ulcers, and malignancy, including primary squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and metastases are the differential diagnosis of the tubercular ulcer of the oral cavity. [journals.lww.com]

  TB of the oral cavity frequently simulates cancerous lesions and other problems such as traumatic ulcers, aphthous ulcers, ac-tinomycosis, syphilitic ulcer, or Wegener's granuloma. [scielo.org.za]

  TB of the oral cavity frequently simulates cancerous lesions and others like traumatic ulcers, aphthous ulcers, actinomycosis, syphilitic ulcer, or Wegener's granuloma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Aphthous Stomatitis

  stomatitis, syphilis ulcers, actinomycosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, leishmaniosis, zygomycosis, and Hansen's disease.9 It is important to highlight that oral ulcers may present a similar picture,10 requiring a diagnosis based on microscopic [bjid.org.br]

• Ulcer

  TB of the oral cavity frequently simulates cancerous lesions and others like traumatic ulcers, aphthous ulcers, actinomycosis, syphilitic ulcer, or Wegener's granuloma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The aphthous ulcers, traumatic ulcers, syphilitic ulcers, and malignancy, including primary squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and metastases are the differential diagnosis of the tubercular ulcer of the oral cavity. [journals.lww.com]

  such as squamous cell carcinoma, trauma ulcers, aphthous stomatitis, syphilis ulcers, actinomycosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, leishmaniosis, zygomycosis, and Hansen's disease.9 It is important to highlight that oral ulcers may present [bjid.org.br]

  TB of the oral cavity frequently simulates cancerous lesions and other problems such as traumatic ulcers, aphthous ulcers, ac-tinomycosis, syphilitic ulcer, or Wegener's granuloma. [scielo.org.za]

  The most common site for oral tuberculosis is the tongue, and the typical presentation is an ulcerative tender lesion, as was demonstrated in our patient. [hindawi.com]

• Irritability

  The traumatic ulcer, which occurs in areas of chronic irritation from either sharp cusps or prosthesis, is acute in presentation and exquisitely tender. Also, the source of irritation is usually evident on examination. [scielo.org.za]

  Any area of chronic irritation or inflammation may favor localization of the Mycobacterium associated with the disease. Deep tubercular ulcers of the tongue are typical in appearance with a thick mucus material at the base. [journals.lww.com]

Treatment Action Group. Google Scholar High-quality studies must drive the future of drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment recommendations. [thelancet.com]

Later on, these three basic principles of treating TB in Ayurveda became the cornerstone of sanatorium treatment. Sanatoria treatment remained the popular treatment modality until 1943 when first antitubercular drug streptomycin was discovered. [journals.lww.com]

It is also important to test for HIV since this may have treatment implications [11]. Oral lesions have a favorable response to antituberculosis treatment but lesions may take months to resolve completely. [hindawi.com]

Treatment The treatment of oral tuberculosis lesions is the same as the systemic tuberculosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The patient was referred to a pulmonologist for examination and treatment based on the pulmonary extension of the disease (Fig. 1C). [bjid.org.br]

Tuberculous osteomyelitis frequently occurs in the later stages of the disease and has an unfavorable prognosis.[15] Role of an oral pathologist On the basis of the clinical presentation, it is very difficult for clinicians to make the diagnosis of oral [journals.lww.com]

Castro, “Modelling tuberculosis trends in the USA,” Epidemiology and Infection, vol. 140, no. 10, pp. 1862–1872, 2012. View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar E. Krawiecka and E. [hindawi.com]

Overview and Epidemiologic assessment of the current global Tuberculosis situation with an emphasis on control in developing countries. Review of infectious disease. 1989;(11):5338–46. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002 August 13, Reviewed). Frequently Asked Questions, Questions and Answers about TB. National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention Division of Tuberculosis Elimination [On-line information]. [labtestsonline.it]

Assis believed that such a vaccination program would increase the chances of preventing the disease in individuals who were in contact with tuberculosis (Assis 1950). [scielo.br]

Hence, early management and diagnosis of oral TB is going to have public health implications as it can be considered a sort of primary prevention for late sequelae of TB. [journals.lww.com]

Thus, a barrier should be created to prevent the transmission of infections and to make the clinical procedures safe from the threat of cross infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]