The clinical manifestations of ozone poisoning are most apparent in the respiratory system, which is the main organ to be affected. Other organs and systems are also affected, such as the eyes and the central nervous system (CNS). The detrimental effects of ozone are due to ozone molecules, as well as its byproducts, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1] [2]. Ozone is present in varying concentrations in both indoor and outdoor air, and exposure to significant concentrations takes place in high altitude flights.

The respiratory symptoms associated with ozone toxicity include coughing, wheezing, chest pain, shortness of breath, chest discomfort and nasal mucosal and pharyngeal irritation. The severity of symptoms and the levels of ozone at which symptoms are elicited vary between individuals. Moreover, the effects of ozone are more marked during exercise. It has been suggested that adults in their second and third decades of life are more prone to the effects of ozone, as well as overweight individuals.

Ozone decreases lung function, both on acute and chronic exposure and it has been shown that repeated exposure precipitates symptoms and worsens already existing complaints. A positive correlation between higher ozone levels and respiratory-related hospital admissions and morbidity has been observed [3]. In the general population, ozone increases the extent to which airways respond to stimuli such as histamine, induces inflammation of the airways and increases the permeability of pulmonary blood vessels resulting in leakage of plasma proteins in the lungs [4]. Individuals with asthma may suffer from more frequent acute exacerbations, as well as an increase in the severity of such events [5] [6]. Furthermore, they have a lowered tolerance towards triggers that are known to cause asthmatic attacks.

Ozone may cause eye irritation and dryness, and worsen allergic conjunctivitis. Fatigue has been noted as well, along with other neurological symptoms that include headaches and decreased concentration [7].

• Fatigue

  Adrenal Fatigue Initially thinking that adrenal fatigue was some wishy-washy pseudo-illness of professional hypochondriacs, I came across the following description : “ Morning fatigue – not feeling awake until about 10 am Afternoon fatigue – sleepiness [thepowerofozone.com]

  Fatigue, headache, heaviness of the head and/or change in respiratory functioning results at 1-2 ppm. An ozone level at 5-10 ppm triggers breathing difficulty, malaise and/or increased breathing rate. [ekasuga.co.jp]

  Fatigue has been noted as well, along with other neurological symptoms that include headaches and decreased concentration. A physical exam will confirm the respiratory symptoms reported. [symptoma.com]

  Chest X-rays were normal in 2 to 3 weeks, but 9 months later they still complained of fatigue and exertional dyspnea (labored respiration). 25.00 ppm and up Ozone concentrations that are immediately hazardous to human life are unknown but on the basis [ozoneservices.com]

  Additional symptoms include headache, blurred vision, nausea, fatigue, and vomiting. The smell of ozone is noticeable even at low levels. [disabled-world.com]

• Cough

  Ozone at 0.4-0.5 ppm causes irritation of the upper air passage, and 0.6-0.8 ppm results in chest pain, coughing and/or decreased lung function and lung diffusing capacity. [ekasuga.co.jp]

  The respiratory symptoms associated with ozone toxicity include coughing, wheezing, chest pain, shortness of breath, chest discomfort and nasal mucosal and pharyngeal irritation. [symptoma.com]

  Acute symptoms Common signs and symptoms are as follows: Cough Light-headedness Dyspnea Chest tightness Choking Diaphoresis Loss of consciousness (at very high concentrations or in very susceptible individuals) Coughing is the most common manifestation [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Breathing pain, coughing, wheezing, difficulty when exercising. Permanent lung damage. [lorrainefrantzedwards.blogspot.com]

  Symptoms of ozone exposure in healthy people include coughing, wheezing, and pain when taking a deep breath. Studies show that children don't usually report symptoms even when they have measurable decreases in lung function. [airnow.zendesk.com]

• Headache

  Fatigue, headache, heaviness of the head and/or change in respiratory functioning results at 1-2 ppm. An ozone level at 5-10 ppm triggers breathing difficulty, malaise and/or increased breathing rate. [ekasuga.co.jp]

  Fatigue has been noted as well, along with other neurological symptoms that include headaches and decreased concentration. A physical exam will confirm the respiratory symptoms reported. [symptoma.com]

  Can cause nausea and headaches in some individuals. Extended exposure could cause lung edema (an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue or serous cavity). [ozoneservices.com]

  Different studies on the effects of ozone show that short term exposure to ozone will cause respiratory problems, burning sensation in the eyes, coughing headaches increased sensitivity to allergens, among other symptoms. [cambridgemask.com]

  Ozone can cause breathing difficulties, headache or even premature death. As a result, US Federal Aviation Regulations limit ozone levels to less than 0.25 parts per million, and to 0.1 parts per million as a three-hour average. [physicsworld.com]

A physical exam will confirm the respiratory symptoms reported. There are several modalities that can be used to observe and measure the effects of ozone on the respiratory system, these are:

• Bronchoscopy: This shows inflamed airways [8].
• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): This is used to acquire samples of epithelial lining fluid for biochemical analysis. It reveals the presence of neutrophils as well as several inflammatory mediators, namely cytokines, leukotrienes and other eicosanoid derivatives. There is also an increase in lactose dehydrogenase, which is an indicator of cell damage. Plasma proteins may also be present.
• Pulmonary function tests (spirometry): These show decreased lung function in several parameters, examples of these being forced expiratory volume (FEV) and forced vital capacity (FVC) [9].

Serum levels of inflammatory molecules and white blood cells may also be elevated.

See OZONE AIR PURIFIER WARNINGS That said, This article describes the dangers of using ozone gas indoors or in vehicles or other enclosed spaces as a deodorant or as a mold treatment. [inspectapedia.com]

Here we extend UIUC's two-dimensional chemical-transport model to investigate possible effects of heterogeneous reactions of ozone on aircraft-generated carbon particles, including a treatment of soot poisoning in the model. [experts.illinois.edu]

Ozone Therapy for Improved Treatment Oxygen deficit is key to the development and progression of all disease processes. Dr. [austinozone.com]

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved the use of ozone as a water treatment solution in the United States. [toptenreviews.com]

One should first rule out common infectious etiologies for symptoms. Recent sick contacts, flulike or viral symptoms, any history of exposure to pulmonary mycoses, and other factors should all be considered prior to a diagnosis of NO 2 toxicity. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Ultraviolet radiation and autoimmune disease: insights from epidemiological research. Toxicology; 181-182: 71-78 (2002). Temorshuizen F, et al. [who.int]

The results of epidemiological studies addressing long-term effects of ozone are not entirely consistent. Several studies have used models that take into account other pollutants and their effects. [greenfacts.org]

American Journal of Epidemiology 142: 15-22 Meng J, Cohan DS, Bell ML (2011) A Meta-analysis of Association between Short-term Ambient Ozone Exposure and Respiratory Hospital Admissions. Epidemiology 22: S203. [insightsinchestdiseases.imedpub.com]

In: Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Schottenfeld, D. & Fraumeni, J.F. eds. New York, USA, Oxford University Press, pp. 1313–1330, 1996a. Scotto, J. et al. Solar radiation. In: Cancer epidemiology and prevention. [sunsaferx.com]

Epidemiology. 2005, 16 (6): 751-9. 10.1097/01.ede.0000183166.68809.b0. [respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com]

Without proper separation of the respiratory conditions with different pathophysiology, it is unknown whether the response is solely contributed by bronchitis. [insightsinchestdiseases.imedpub.com]

The presence of the lipid molecules is crucial for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as they prevent the wet surfaces of the lung from collapsing. [sci-news.com]

But this is just conjecture; these effects can be prevented. [sunsaferx.com]

OZONE HAZARDS at Inspect A pedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice. ... [inspectapedia.com]

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