Perhaps it is only an occasional presentation of another rather poorly understood syndrome, that of "recurrent cranial neuropathies." The present patient had at least three episodes of painful ophthalmoplegia prior to this hospitalization. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Acute Onset of Symptoms

  onset of symptoms and signs, and must be included in the differential diagnosis. [jnnp.bmj.com]

• Sulfur Granules

  These tests demonstrated acute inflammation and sulfur granules, which responded clinically and radiologically to parenterally administered penicillin therapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Sinus Pain

  ", keywords "Cavernous sinus, Painful ophthalmoplegia, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome", author "M. Curone and V. Tullo and A. Proietti-Cecchini and C. Peccarisi and M. Leone and G. [moh-it.pure.elsevier.com]

• Pyramidal Tract Signs

  However, during his hospitalization he developed involvement of cranial nerves II, III, V, VI and VII, papilledema, pyramidal tract signs and severe psychiatric disturbances, all of which remitted. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A metastatic workup was performed without any evidence of extraorbital tumor. The patient was recommended to be treated with chemotherapy, however, refused to take the treatment. The patient died of progression of the disease in a month. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Blood and CSF workup were normal. Urgent CT angiography excluded an intracerebral aneurysm and cavernous sinus thrombosis. A repeat MRI was performed, obtaining the images below. Figure 1. MRI of the brain (A axial view. B coronal view). [nzma.org.nz]

Ethan Sterk He is admitted to the neurology service, and subsequent workup includes the following tests: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, antinuclear antibody, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, rapid plasma reagin, double-stranded [acepnow.com]

For any patient who develops signs of aberrant regeneration, workup for a structural lesion is initiated, or repeated if previous workup has been carried out and no lesion found. Nonisolated Cranial Neuropathies MULTIPLE CRANIAL NEUROPATHIES. [medtextfree.wordpress.com]

However, all recruited patients had ancillary laboratory workup, cranial MR imaging, and cerebral vascular investigation. [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com]

• Sinus Opacification

  Hirtz incidences revealed contralateral cavernous sinus opacification and venous drainage through the coronary sinus. These neuradiological findings helped to differentiate this syndrome from other affections which have similar signs and symptoms. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Aspergillus Niger

  A case of painful ophthalmoplegia due to invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus niger in a diabetic patient is presented. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

MRI and positive response to the treatment with corticosteroids were relevant for making the diagnosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

While corticoids are the treatment of reference, corticodependence and corticoresistance are frequent, hence radiotherapy has been proposed as an alternative treatment. [doi.org]

Its recognition is important since the response to steroids, although not specific, is rapid in most patients, and the prognosis for complete recovery is relatively good. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Individuals usually have a very good prognosis with the condition, because steroids have been proven to be an effective treatment measure Nevertheless, complications, such as the damage and abnormal repair of the cranial nerves, can worsen the prognosis [dovemed.com]

[edit] The prognosis of THS is usually considered good. [en.wikipedia.org]

The etiological differential diagnosis of painful ophthalmoplegia is extensive and consists of numerous sinister etiologies including vascular (eg, aneurysm, carotid dissection, carotid-cavernous fistula), neoplasms (eg, primary intracranial tumors, local [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology Frequency Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is uncommon in both the United States and internationally. The disorder is rare during the first 2 decades of life; in people older than 20 years, it appears to have an even distribution. [emedicine.com]

Patients usually respond to corticosteroids, and spontaneous remission can occur, although movement of ocular muscles may remain damaged.[3] Roughly 30–40% of patients who are treated for THS experience a relapse.[3] Epidemiology[edit] THS is uncommon [en.wikipedia.org]

Pathophysiology Nonspecific inflammation (noncaseating granulomatous or nongranulomatous) within the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure is the cause of the constant pain, which characterizes the onset of this disorder. [emedicine.com]

There is no male-female predisposition.[5] Pathophysiology As mentioned before, Tolosa Hunt syndrome is caused by non-specific inflammation of unknown etiology. In his initial report, Dr. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Diagnosis was made by excluding the other causes, and there was a prompt response to high-dose steroid therapy, which prevents or minimizes any permanent neurologic deficit. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

prevention, prognosis, and additional useful information HERE. [dovemed.com]

Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. ‎ [books.google.de]

Transplantation Substance Use and Addiction Surgery Surgical Innovation Surgical Pearls Teachable Moment Technology and Finance The Rational Clinical Examination Tobacco and e-Cigarettes Toxicology Trauma and Injury Treatment Adherence United States Preventive [jamanetwork.com]