The DSM-V [1] defines panic disorder (PD) as the recurrent onset of sudden fear accompanied by somatic symptoms like palpitations, excessive sweating, and dyspnea. Other criteria include persistent anxiety about recurrence and its consequences or inappropriate behavioral changes. In order to diagnose PD, it is important to exclude medical illnesses, substance abuse, and other psychiatric disorders as the cause of the panic attacks.

The clinical presentation of panic attacks and PD can mimic the symptoms of coronary heart disease [2] and cardiomyopathies [2], making it difficult to differentiate between the conditions clinically [3]. For example, symptoms like chest pain, palpitations, sweating, discomfort, and dyspnea are common to PD as well as myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris and pulmonary embolism. Other somatic symptoms of PD include cold clammy hands, headache, diarrhea, insomnia, weakness, intrusive thoughts, and ruminations. The attacks in PD are often related to certain places or situations. Patients develop anxiety about the recurrence of the attack and start avoiding these situations and places resulting in agoraphobia [4]. This can further lead to the development of safety behaviors like dependence on anxiolytic medications and avoiding being alone [4].

Although no gender differences have been observed in the expression of PD symptoms in children and adolescents, a higher incidence of PD has been observed amongst girls. Children and adolescents experience somatic symptoms similar to those seen in adults and these include palpitations, dyspnea, sweating, chest pain, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dizziness, restlessness and a sense of losing control [5] [6] [7].

• Pain

  CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of panic disorder was low in patients presenting to an Australian ED with chest pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The event started suddenly and was associated with diaphoresis, chest pain, tachycardia, and tachypnea. Troponins and ECG are within normal limits. [step2.medbullets.com]

  You may also feel physical symptoms, such as fast heartbeat chest pain breathing difficulty dizziness panic attacks can happen anytime, anywhere and without warning. [icd10data.com]

• Chills

  You may also have physical symptoms, such as Fast heartbeat Chest or stomach pain Breathing difficulty Weakness or dizziness Sweating Feeling hot or a cold chill Tingly or numb hands Panic attacks can happen anytime, anywhere, and without warning. [fpnotebook.com]

  Four most common symptoms associated with a panic attack were that of palpitations, trembling/shaking, nausea or abdominal distress, and chills or hot flushes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The client experiences a sudden upsurge of sensations, such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, shaking, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, chills, and numbness. [beckinstitute.org]

  […] cause despair and helplessness depression and anxiety often coexist with panic disorder, especially when the disorder begins in adolescence Presentation Symptoms sweating palpitations abdominal distress/nausea parasthesias lightheadedness chest pain chills [step2.medbullets.com]

  Food Safety at Home Clean, cook, keep apart, chill: Follow these four easy rules to keep food from spoiling and causing people to get sick. Heart Health for Women Heart disease is a leading cause of death in the U.S. [pueblo.gsa.gov]

• Weakness

  Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease that causes very weak bones that break easily. Women are five times more likely to get osteoporosis than men. [pueblo.gsa.gov]

  You may also have physical symptoms, such as Fast heartbeat Chest or stomach pain Breathing difficulty Weakness or dizziness Sweating Feeling hot or a cold chill Tingly or numb hands Panic attacks can happen anytime, anywhere, and without warning. [medlineplus.gov]

  During panic attacks, people experience extreme anxiety often accompanied by rapid pulse, heart palpitations, dizziness, hot or cold flashes, chest pain, weakness, nausea and a sense that they are having a heart attack or are going to die. [study.com]

  Other somatic symptoms of PD include cold clammy hands, headache, diarrhea, insomnia, weakness, intrusive thoughts, and ruminations. The attacks in PD are often related to certain places or situations. [symptoma.com]

• Fatigue

  There may be symptoms like chest pain, difficulty breathing especially after exercise, fatigue, cough, palpitations etc. this needs to be ruled out. [news-medical.net]

  In fact, panic disorder often coexists with unexplained medical problems, such as chest pain not associated with a heart attack or chronic fatigue. [web.archive.org]

  The long list of symptoms include everything from feelings of restlessness or having difficulty concentrating to muscle tension, fatigue, and sleep problems. [rd.com]

  Chronic physical symptoms such as muscle tension and aches, headaches, fatigue, trembling and twitching, irritability, difficulty swallowing, and the feeling of a lump in the throat, are common. 9. [cosmopolitan.com]

• Unconsciousness

  Many aspects of people's lives, including fantasies, behavior, and symptoms, come about as the result of compromise formations, which are a com- promise between a conflicted wish, often unconscious, and the defense against that wish (also unconscious) [web.archive.org]

  Our results suggest that the sympathetic system activates during defensive responses associated with anxiety and during the passage of unconscious-aggressive impulses. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This disorder does not include panic attacks that may occur in phobias when the patient is exposed to the phobic stimulus. homosexual panic a severe episode of anxiety due to unconscious conflicts involving sexual identity; see also homosexual panic. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  […] communication and to support the person with panic attack or disorder in an appropriate way. 5.1.1 Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy deals with problematic behavior, feeling, or thought by finding their unconscious [intechopen.com]

  Mental arousal comprises thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious. [panic411.com]

• Dyspnea

  The DSM-V defines panic disorder (PD) as the recurrent onset of sudden fear accompanied by somatic symptoms like palpitations, excessive sweating, and dyspnea. [symptoma.com]

  A 34-year-old woman with a 9-year history of unprovoked attacks of anxiety and dyspnea associated with symptoms of depersonalization and derealization is presented. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  An episode of intense fear accompanied by symptoms such as heart palpitations, sweating and chills or hot flushes, a sensation of dyspnea, chest pain, abdominal distress, depersonalization, fear of going crazy, and fear of dying. [icd10data.com]

  Separation anxiety disorder was specifically associated with panic and dyspnea in response to CO 2. [doi.org]

• Nausea

  Some of the features of a panic attack do in fact mimic those of a heart attack: palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness and nausea. [healthychildren.org]

  Agoraphobia is not a component of this disorder An episode of intense fear and anxiety that may be accompanied by one or more of the following symptoms: heart palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, and trembling. [icd9data.com]

  Tarbell, Vomiting and Nausea in the Pediatric Patient, Nausea and Vomiting, 10.1007/978-3-319-34076-0_13, (175-190), (2016). Andrea M. Victor, Alexandra D. Zagoloff and Gail A. [doi.org]

  Nausea and tiredness were more common with fluvoxamine (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). Because inositol is a natural compound with few known side effects, it is attractive to patients who are ambivalent about taking psychiatric medication. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Choking

  […] despair and helplessness depression and anxiety often coexist with panic disorder, especially when the disorder begins in adolescence Presentation Symptoms sweating palpitations abdominal distress/nausea parasthesias lightheadedness chest pain chills choking [step2.medbullets.com]

  ’ or ‘going mad’ increased heart rate difficulty breathing (feeling that there is not enough air) feeling choked excessive perspiration dizziness, light-headedness or feeling faint. [beyondblue.org.au]

  Signs of Panic Disorder At least four of the following symptoms: palpitations sweating trembling and shaking shortness of breath choking sensation chest pain or discomfort nausea or abdominal distress dizziness, lightheadedness feeling detached from oneself [healthychildren.org]

  […] dizziness, or feeling faint or unsteady fear of dying fear of losing control feelings of choking feelings of not being part of your environment flushing or chills nausea, stomach ache, or diarrhea numbness or tingling racing heart sweating trembling [medbroadcast.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Fast or pounding heartbeat Sweating, trembling, or shaking Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Feeling of choking or having a lump in your throat Chest pain or discomfort Nausea or abdominal pain Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint Feeling [drugs.com]

  Common side effects of SSRIs include: nausea headaches low sex drive (loss of libido) blurred vision diarrhoea or constipation dizziness dry mouth loss of appetite sweating feeling agitated insomnia (sleep problems) abdominal pain When you first start [nhsinform.scot]

  which may feel like a heart attack Feeling lightheaded, dizzy, or as if one is about to faint Feeling as if one is going to choke, having abdominal pain, or being extremely nauseous Feeling detached, feeling as if one is about to die, or just feeling [americanaddictioncenters.org]

  These symptoms include rapid heart rate, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, hot flashes, and lightheadedness—as well as a sense of impending doom, chills, nausea, abdominal pain, chest pain, headache, and numbness or tingling. [psycom.net]

• Chest Pain

  A few weeks after starting paroxetine therapy, the frequency and the intensity of the chest pain attacks began to diminish. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The event started suddenly and was associated with diaphoresis, chest pain, tachycardia, and tachypnea. Troponins and ECG are within normal limits. [step2.medbullets.com]

  Some of the features of a panic attack do in fact mimic those of a heart attack: palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness and nausea. [healthychildren.org]

• Palpitations

  Some of the features of a panic attack do in fact mimic those of a heart attack: palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness and nausea. [healthychildren.org]

  The DSM-V defines panic disorder (PD) as the recurrent onset of sudden fear accompanied by somatic symptoms like palpitations, excessive sweating, and dyspnea. [symptoma.com]

  An episode of intense fear and anxiety that may be accompanied by one or more of the following symptoms: heart palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, and trembling. [icd10data.com]

• Tachycardia

  The event started suddenly and was associated with diaphoresis, chest pain, tachycardia, and tachypnea. Troponins and ECG are within normal limits. [step2.medbullets.com]

  […] flashes Visual disturbances Fear of dying Fear of losing control or impending doom [1] [2] [4] [6] [13] [14] [15] Effects of symptoms Symptoms of panic disorder have physical, behavioral and cognitive effects: [13] Physical: Tachycardia Palpitations [physio-pedia.com]

  Definition (CSP) specific psychological phenomenon characterized by sudden onset of anxiety (often unrelated to objective events), accompanied by autonomic symptoms such as tachycardia, paresthesia, flushing, and sweating. [fpnotebook.com]

  Specific psychological phenomenon characterized by sudden onset of anxiety (often unrelated to objective events), accompanied by autonomic symptoms such as tachycardia, paresthesia, flushing, and sweating. [icd10data.com]

• Sweating

  Panic may include rapid heart rate, flushing (a hot, red face), sweating, and trouble breathing. [icd10data.com]

  Some of the features of a panic attack do in fact mimic those of a heart attack: palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness and nausea. [healthychildren.org]

  The DSM-V defines panic disorder (PD) as the recurrent onset of sudden fear accompanied by somatic symptoms like palpitations, excessive sweating, and dyspnea. [symptoma.com]

• Flushing

  Panic may include rapid heart rate, flushing (a hot, red face), sweating, and trouble breathing. [icd10data.com]

  You may sweat and become flushed. You become intensely fearful, aroused and very alert. For people having a panic attack, these changes occur even though there is no danger. [health.harvard.edu]

  Four most common symptoms associated with a panic attack were that of palpitations, trembling/shaking, nausea or abdominal distress, and chills or hot flushes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Excoriation

  F41.1 Generalized anxiety disorder F41.3 Other mixed anxiety disorders F41.8 Other specified anxiety disorders F41.9 Anxiety disorder, unspecified F42 Obsessive-compulsive disorder F42.2 Mixed obsessional thoughts and acts F42.3 Hoarding disorder F42.4 Excoriation [icd10data.com]

• Tinnitus

  Medication: mianserin 30mg daily, started after onset of tinnitus; carbamazepine recently added with no effect on tinnitus. Case 4: Female, aged 70. Duration of benzodiazepine usage: 20 years. [benzo.org.uk]

• Fear

  […] e.g., spiders) must be present do not assume a panic attack until an organic cause has been eliminated panic disorder presence of 3 panic attack episodes in 3 weeks fear of recurrent attacks must also be present agoraphobia fear and avoidance of places [step2.medbullets.com]

  Fear of heights and fear of crossing bridges are examples of simple phobias. [mentalhealthamerica.net]

  An episode of intense fear accompanied by symptoms such as heart palpitations, sweating and chills or hot flushes, a sensation of dyspnea, chest pain, abdominal distress, depersonalization, fear of going crazy, and fear of dying. [icd10data.com]

• Compulsive Disorder

  Internet addiction has been associated with others psychiatric disorders. Panic disorder (PD) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) are anxiety disorders that involve a lot of damages in patient's life. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Obsessive-compulsive disorder is best treated with SSRIs or clomipramine. [doi.org]

  F41.8 Other specified anxiety disorders F41.9 Anxiety disorder, unspecified F42 Obsessive-compulsive disorder F42.2 Mixed obsessional thoughts and acts F42.3 Hoarding disorder F42.4 Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder F42.8 Other obsessive-compulsive [icd10data.com]

• Depersonalization

  CONCLUSIONS: PD patients scored higher on items suggesting common forms of derealization and depersonalization, perhaps suggesting "secondary" and defensive psychological processes, while lacking indicators of more profound ipseity disturbance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Depersonalization is a feeling of being outside your own body while derealization is a feeling that the world is not real. [study.com]

  […] and anxiety often coexist with panic disorder, especially when the disorder begins in adolescence Presentation Symptoms sweating palpitations abdominal distress/nausea parasthesias lightheadedness chest pain chills choking feeling of derealization or depersonalization [step2.medbullets.com]

  Panic Disorder At least four of the following symptoms: palpitations sweating trembling and shaking shortness of breath choking sensation chest pain or discomfort nausea or abdominal distress dizziness, lightheadedness feeling detached from oneself ( depersonalization [healthychildren.org]

• Delusion

  The following exclusion criteria were used: psychotic symptoms, including delusions or hallucinations; schizophrenia; bipolar disorder, mental retardation; and confusional states. [doi.org]

  […] physiological response to stressful events.[38] However, it is possible for individuals to exhibit hardiness – a term referring to the ability to be both chronically stressed and healthy.[39] Chronic stress can be associated with psychological disorders such as delusions [en.wikipedia.org]

• Obsessive Thoughts

  Some OCD sufferers may only have obsessive thoughts without the related rituals. [uhs.umich.edu]

  […] known and predictable situations There is no symptoms of anxiety between seizures (although anxiety may be common) Psychological or vegetative symptoms are primary manifestations of anxiety, and not secondary to other symptoms, such as crazy ideas or obsessive [intechopen.com]

  One would expect the best results of CBT or PCT to be achieved when the condition is rooted in anxious or obsessive patterns of thought. However, it is not always easy to distinguish such cases. [panic411.com]

• Hot Flushes

  Four most common symptoms associated with a panic attack were that of palpitations, trembling/shaking, nausea or abdominal distress, and chills or hot flushes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  flushes or cold chills numbness, or tingling sensations Panic attacks develop suddenly and increase in intensity within about 10 minutes. [psychology-tools.com]

  flushes The presence of fewer than four of the above symptoms may be considered a limited-symptom panic attack. [verywellmind.com]

  flushes If these symptoms seem relevant to you, we can help. [bu.edu]

• Dizziness

  Dizziness is one of the most frequent complaints in both primary and specialized medical care facilities. Many dizzy patients, without a known organic cause, considered as having idiopathic dizziness, may have a psychiatric disorder. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Some of the features of a panic attack do in fact mimic those of a heart attack: palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness and nausea. [healthychildren.org]

  You may also feel physical symptoms, such as fast heartbeat chest pain breathing difficulty dizziness panic attacks can happen anytime, anywhere and without warning. [icd10data.com]

• Tingling

  Blood rushes to arm and leg muscles, causing a trembling or tingling sensation. You may sweat and become flushed. You become intensely fearful, aroused and very alert. [health.harvard.edu]

  Red flags A sudden surge of anxiety symptoms that appear out of the blue and peak within 10 minutes Surge of physical symptoms- dizziness, feeling faint, heart racing, tingling in extremities, stomach ache Fear that you are going to have a heart attack [worrywisekids.org]

  […] sensation chest pain or discomfort nausea or abdominal distress dizziness, lightheadedness feeling detached from oneself ( depersonalization ) feeling unreal ( derealization ) fear of losing control or going crazy fear of dying sensation of numbness or tingling [healthychildren.org]

• Irritability

  Prevalence of comorbidity for PD and medical illness is presented, with a focus on respiratory and cardiovascular illness, irritable bowel syndrome, and diabetes, followed by an outline for potential pathways of a bidirectional association. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] include (1): Presence of excessive anxiety about events or activities occurring on most days for at least 6 months Losing control over the worry intensity At least three of the symptoms including restless or jumpiness, fatigue, lack of concentration, irritability [news-medical.net]

  Physical Symptoms: People with panic disorder may also have irritable bowel syndrome, characterized by intermittent bouts of gastrointestinal cramps and diarrhea or constipation, or a relatively minor heart problem called mitral valve prolapse, which [web.archive.org]

• Headache

  N Engl J Med 327:1109–1114 PubMed Google Scholar Sjaastad O, Bakketeig LS (2004) Caffeine-withdrawal headache: the Vaga study of headache epidemiology. [doi.org]

  Common side effects of SSRIs include: nausea headaches low sex drive (loss of libido) blurred vision diarrhoea or constipation dizziness dry mouth loss of appetite sweating feeling agitated insomnia (sleep problems) abdominal pain When you first start [nhsinform.scot]

  Headaches, discomfort and lightheadedness are also common. When the panic-related anxiety becomes a chronic issue, the person starts to experience detrimental long-term effects. [psychguides.com]

  (12.7%), tension headaches (5.5%), and combined migraine and tension headaches (14.2%). [65] The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in people with epilepsy is 6.6%. [66] Approximately 10-20% of patients with anxiety disorder abuse alcohol and other [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Paresthesia

  Definition (CSP) specific psychological phenomenon characterized by sudden onset of anxiety (often unrelated to objective events), accompanied by autonomic symptoms such as tachycardia, paresthesia, flushing, and sweating. [fpnotebook.com]

  Specific psychological phenomenon characterized by sudden onset of anxiety (often unrelated to objective events), accompanied by autonomic symptoms such as tachycardia, paresthesia, flushing, and sweating. [icd10data.com]

  Symptoms may include trembling, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, chest pain (or chest tightness), sweating, nausea, dizziness (or slight vertigo), hyperventilation, paresthesias (tingling sensations), vomiting, and sensations of choking or smothering [sciencedaily.com]

  Sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering Feeling of choking Chest pain or discomfort Nausea or abdominal distress Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint Chills or hot sensations Numbness or tingling sensations (paresthesias [verywellmind.com]

Diagnosis of PD can be challenging as its clinical presentation resembles that of several serious acute conditions. Therefore the diagnosis is often based on the exclusion. History, physical examination and mental status examination are the pillars of PD diagnosis. An electrocardiography (ECG) should be obtained early during the workup to rule out myocardial ischemia and conduction abnormalities in all patients presenting with palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, and sweating. Pulse oximetry will usually show either normal or slightly higher oxygen levels. Arterial blood gas analysis is performed to exclude metabolic acidosis and hypoxemia. In patients with a history of a syncopal event, ambulatory Holter monitoring should be considered. A D-dimer test, spiral computed tomography (CT scan), lower limb Doppler or ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning is indicated to exclude pulmonary embolism especially in those at risk. Electroencephalography may be required to differentiate PD from partial complex seizures.

Laboratory studies should be performed to exclude substance abuse and other medical conditions. These include complete blood count, hemoglobin, urine toxicology, serum electrolytes, serum glucose, cardiac enzymes and, thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Orexin or hypocretin has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of panic in rats [8] and elevated levels have been observed in the cerebrospinal fluid of individuals with panic attacks.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is not routinely recommended in the workup of PD although increased flow in the right parahippocampal region with decreased serotonin type 1A receptor binding in the anterior and posterior cingulate and raphe of patients with panic disorder has been noticed on positron emission tomography (PET) scanning [9]. Patients with PD have also been observed to have smaller temporal lobe volume on magnetic resonance imaging [10].

In addition to treatment efficacy, other factors should be considered when recommending treatment, including patient preference, treatment history, severity of illness, and presence of comorbid disorders. [web.archive.org]

Articles were identified through PsycLIT, PsyINFO, and MEDLINE (1985 to 2006) using the terms panic disorder, psychotherapy, psychosocial treatment, treatment, and pharmacotherapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis is good with treatment. Without treatment, adolescents may drop out of school, withdraw from society, and become reclusive and suicidal. Panic disorder often waxes and wanes in severity without any discernible reason. [merckmanuals.com]

Prognosis The literature is contradictory about prognosis. In one study the panic disorder had a long course lasting several years [ 9 ]. [patient.info]

Prognosis Patients with panic disorder have a poor prognosis particularly if untreated. Patients often relapse when they attempt to discontinue treatment. [minddisorders.com]

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology, in which granulomas develop in various organs, including the skin, lungs, eyes, or heart. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Coverage includes: Diagnostic and etiological models of children’s anxiety disorders (i.e., genetic, cognitive-behavioral, taxonomic, neuropsychological, dimensional). [doi.org]

METHODS: Analysis was conducted on data from 2 epidemiologic studies, the Epidemiologic Study of Young Adults in southeast Michigan (N = 1007) and the National Comorbidity Survey Tobacco Supplement (n = 4411). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Methods Analysis was conducted on data from 2 epidemiologic studies, the Epidemiologic Study of Young Adults in southeast Michigan (N = 1007) and the National Comorbidity Survey Tobacco Supplement (n = 4411). [doi.org]

Although accumulating evidence suggests that some inflammatory processes play a role in the pathophysiology of mental disorders, very few studies have evaluated cytokine levels in patients with PD. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prevent Relapse Finally, the last step of the CBT treatment for panic disorder is preventing relapse after treatment is complete. [newharbinger.com]

This study points out the need of early antidepressant treatment for panic disorder to prevent further ED. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. KEYWORDS: Antidepressants; Erectile dysfunction; Panic disorder; Taiwan [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
2. Tully PJ. A good time to panic? Premorbid and postmorbid panic disorder in heart failure affects cardiac and psychiatric cause admissions. Australas Psychiatry. 2015;23:124 –7.
3. Tully PJ, Cosh SM, Baumeister H. The anxious heart in whose mind? A systematic review and meta-regression of factors associated with anxiety disorder diagnosis, treatment and morbidity risk in coronary heart disease.J Psychosom Rese. 2014;77:439 –48.
4. Roy-Byrne PP, Craske MG, Stein MB. Panic disorder. Lancet. 2006;16:1023-32
5. Masi G, Favilla L, Mucci M, Millepiedi S. Panic disorder in clinically referred children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2000;31:139-51.
6. Ehlers A. Somatic symptoms and panic attacks: a retrospective study of learning experiences. Behav Res Ther. 1993;31:269-78.
7. Diler RS, Birmaher B, Brent DA, et al. Phenomenology of panic disorder in youth. Depress Anxiety. 2004;20:39-43.
8. Johnson PL, Truitt W, Fitz SD, et al. A key role for orexin in panic anxiety. Nat Med. Jan 2010; 16(1):111-5.
9. Neumeister A, Bain E, Nugent AC, et al. Reduced serotonin type 1A receptor binding in panic disorder. J Neurosci. Jan 21 2004; 24(3):589-91.
10. Vythilingam M, Anderson ER, Goddard A, et al. Temporal lobe volume in panic disorder--a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res. Aug 28 2000; 99(2):75-82