The authors present two immunocompetent children with parainfluenza type 3 meningitis. In each case, the outcome was favorable without detectable complications. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The patients were followed up for 30 days after URI presentation. [bloodjournal.org]

The clinical presentation of HPIV infection may differ by patient age. Zusatzmaterial Literatur 1. [springermedizin.de]

However, HPIV3 can also present as a viral CAP in normal hosts. (5) During an influenza pandemic, clinicians should consider the diagnosis of PIV3 pneumonia if patients present with influenza-like symptoms and negative rapid influenza antigen detection [scielo.br]

• Fever

  In differential diagnosis, tests for other paramyxoviruses like mumps, shipping fever viruses and simianvirus type 5 have to be performed due to possible cross-reactions. [ibl-international.com]

  The most common illness in children is an upper respiratory illness with no or low-grade fever. Parainfluenza type 1 is a frequent cause of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), primarily in infants aged 6 to 36 mo. [msdmanuals.com]

  Treatments for symptom relief include taking over-the-counter medication for fever, cough and sore throat, drinking plenty of fluids, and resting. Most people with HPIV will recover on their own. [health.hawaii.gov]

  Treating a fever with acetaminophen or ibuprofen (as instructed by your child's doctor). Keeping your child as quiet and calm as possible to help decrease the breathing effort. [chop.edu]

  Talk to your pediatrician about whether your child with a fever should be given acetaminophen to lower her body temperature. Make sure she drinks lots of liquids. Some supportive therapies are unique to the specific infection that is present. [healthychildren.org]

• Asymptomatic

  One patient remained asymptomatic. In others, symptoms were mostly mild upper respiratory tract symptoms and subsided within a few days with symptomatic treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Thus, in immunocompetent adults, most infections are asymptomatic or mild. The most common illness in children is an upper respiratory illness with no or low-grade fever. [msdmanuals.com]

  Asymptomatic Infection In addition to various moderate to severe clinical presentations, mild and asymptomatic PIV infections have been documented in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients [ 1, 32 ]. [academic.oup.com]

  The patient was then considered infectious for the remaining duration of the outbreak due to prolonged asymptomatic shedding exhibited by this patient cohort. [wellcomeopenresearch.org]

• Inflammation

  Adiponectin attenuates allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(2):389-95. PMid:16890763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.021 [ Links ] Submitted: 06 April 2012. [scielo.br]

  […] infections caused by HPIVs include infections of the lower respiratory tract, such as croup (an infection of the airway below the larynx, or "voice box," that is characterized by a barky cough and harsh, noisy breathing), pneumonia, or bronchiolitis (an inflammation [chop.edu]

  For example, they are the major cause of croup, which is an inflammation of the voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea) that makes breathing more difficult. [healthychildren.org]

  HPIV-3 An HPIV-3 infection is mostly associated with pneumonia and bronchiolitis, which is swelling from inflammation in the smallest airways in the lungs. [healthline.com]

• Disability

  DAS181, a novel sialidase fusion protein that temporarily disables airway epithelial PIV receptors by enzymatic removal of sialic acid moieties, has been shown to inhibit infection with PIV strains in vitro and in an animal model. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Disease burden of the most commonly detected respiratory viruses in hospitalized patients calculated using the disability adjusted life year (DALY) model. J Clin Virol 2011 ; 52 : 215 – 21. 36. [academic.oup.com]

• Hypoxemia

  Two patients suffered from lower respiratory tract symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxemia, pulmonary infiltrates in chest computed tomography) and required supplemental oxygen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pneumonia

  Severe disease and fatal pneumonia may occur in elderly and immunocompromised adults. HPIV pneumonia in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is associated with 50% acute mortality and 75% mortality at 6 months. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Patients with leukemia and HSCT are at risk for serious PIV infections, including PIV pneumonia, with a significant mortality rate. We identified multiple risk factors for progression to pneumonia and death. [bloodjournal.org]

  […] every other year Children under the age of 2 are more likely to pneumonia or bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis usually occurs in the winter and spring The most common age group affected by bronchiolitis is 2 to 6 months of age Pneumonia can occur year round [childrenshospital.org]

  A final diagnosis of PIV3 pneumonia was made. [scielo.br]

• Cough

  Treatments for symptom relief include taking over-the-counter medication for fever, cough and sore throat, drinking plenty of fluids, and resting. Most people with HPIV will recover on their own. [health.hawaii.gov]

  Symptoms may include fever, runny nose, and cough. Patients usually recover on their own. [cdc.gov]

  If the lower respiratory tract is involved, additionally trachyphonea and dry cough develops as a sign of tracheobronchitis. [ibl-international.com]

  Other infections caused by HPIVs include infections of the lower respiratory tract, such as croup (an infection of the airway below the larynx, or "voice box," that is characterized by a barky cough and harsh, noisy breathing), pneumonia, or bronchiolitis [chop.edu]

• Dyspnea

  Two patients suffered from lower respiratory tract symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxemia, pulmonary infiltrates in chest computed tomography) and required supplemental oxygen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) or pneumonia was defined as the presence of signs and symptoms that included cough, dyspnea, and hypoxia in association with new interstitial infiltrates on chest diagnostic imaging and the isolation of PIV from [bloodjournal.org]

• Rhinitis

  In most cases, infections remains limited to the upper respiratory tract and results in symptomology similar to the common cold such as rhinitis, pharyngitis, and coryza. [pathwaymedicine.org]

  In adults, parainfluenza virus causes a feverish rhinitis and laryngitis. First signs are sudden headaches, pain in muscles and joints, followed by fever of 38°-39°C. [ibl-international.com]

• Suggestibility

  These results indicate that cellular cholesterol is required for assembly and formation of type 1 parainfluenza viruses and suggest that cholesterol could be an attractive target for antiviral agents against hPIV1. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  However, the isolation of coxsackieviruses type A, echoviruses, choriomeningitis virus, and parainfluenza 1 virus from a few individuals with a clinically similar illness, who often relate a prior episode of mumps, suggests that other viruses may cause [jamanetwork.com]

• Meningism

  The authors present two immunocompetent children with parainfluenza type 3 meningitis. In each case, the outcome was favorable without detectable complications. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Sometimes, meningitis symptoms occur at the same time. Parainfluenza 2 very often causes an acute laryngotracheobronchitis with pseudocroup in infants and children. [ibl-international.com]

• Headache

  Headache Many times, influenza B will prompt you to experience some type of headache. It might come and go as your deal with the flu. Fatigue Most people will suffer from fatigue and exhaustion because the virus is wearing down their system. [vauva.fi]

  First signs are sudden headaches, pain in muscles and joints, followed by fever of 38°-39°C. If the lower respiratory tract is involved, additionally trachyphonea and dry cough develops as a sign of tracheobronchitis. [ibl-international.com]

• Pulmonary Infiltrate

  Two patients suffered from lower respiratory tract symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxemia, pulmonary infiltrates in chest computed tomography) and required supplemental oxygen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Most respiratory tract infections are self-limiting and caused by viruses, and do not warrant antibiotic treatment. Despite this, patients with respiratory tract infections often receive antibiotics, fuelling the rise of antibiotic resistance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The goal of treatment is to help reduce symptoms until the infection goes away. Croup symptoms can be scary for parents. [stanfordchildrens.org]

Treatment The treatment of viral illnesses, including those caused by parainfluenza viruses, should not involve the use of antibacterials, which are not effective against viruses. [healthychildren.org]

Certain treatments are available for the symptoms of croup and bronchiolitis to make breathing easier. [mountsinai.org]

This exploratory randomized double-blind Phase 2 study will assess the safety and tolerability, and explore the efficacy of DAS181 versus placebo for the treatment of parainfluenza. [clinicaltrials.gov]

Outlook (Prognosis) Most infections in adults and older children are mild and recovery takes place without treatment, unless the person is very old or has an abnormal immune system. [mountsinai.org]

Mumps virus represents the single most important etiological agent of acute epidemic parotitis. [jamanetwork.com]

Compared to other etiologies of severe acute respiratory infection, those infected with HPIV tended to have better outcomes in terms of ICU admission or death. [centerforhealthsecurity.org]

Etiology of mumps-like illnesses in children and adolescents vaccinated for measles, mumps, and rubella. J. Infect. Dis. 1919 : 719 – 723. 12. Dayan, G. H.,, M. P. Quinlisk,, A. A. Parker,, A. E. Barskey,, M. L. Harris,, J. M. Hill Schwartz,, K. [asmscience.org]

Most of the respiratory coinfections were bacterial in etiology ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ), whereas some were viral (respiratory syncytial virus and cytomegalovirus). [bloodjournal.org]

The etiologic and epidemiologic spectrum of bronchiolitis in pediatric practice. J. Pediatr. 1979;95:183–190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 116. Welliver R.C., Wong D.T., Sun M., McCarthy N. Parainfluenza virus bronchiolitis. Am. J. Dis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Author information 1 Infection Control and Epidemiology Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Human parainfluenza virus infection in severe acute respiratory infections in Beijing, 2014-2016: a molecular epidemiological study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017;11:564-568. [centerforhealthsecurity.org]

Epidemiological Features HPIVs are spread from respiratory secretions through close contact with infected persons or contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. [gov.uk]

However, HPIVs can also cause more severe illness, such as croup or pneumonia. lab icon About Human Parainfluenza Viruses Describes the viruses, how they spread, symptoms and illnesses, prevention, treatment... medical icon For Healthcare Professionals [cdc.gov]

In outbreak and cluster settings, to prevent onward transmission, strict attention to infection control measures such as hand washing and wearing protective equipments should decrease or prevent spread of infection. [gov.uk]

Prevention There is currently no vaccine available to protect against HPIV infection. [health.hawaii.gov]

How can I help prevent HPIVs in my child? Good handwashing is important to prevent the spread of HPIV to other babies and children. [stanfordchildrens.org]

Prevention of HPIV infection There is no vaccine for available for HPIV. Prevention of HPIV infection depends on the behavior of child care providers and health care providers to reduce the spread of HPIV by practicing good medical hygiene. [quidel.com]