Hydrochloric acid/heat extracts (AOAC mouse bioassay method) presented surface regeneration problems, and although ethanol-acetic acid/dichloromethane extracts performed well, they were considered too laborious for routine sample testing. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fishing

  KEYWORDS: PSP; SPFP; STXs; crustaceans; gastropods; non traditional vectors; paralytic shellfish poisoning; public health; puffer fish; saxitoxin puffer fish poisoning; saxitoxins [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  1 US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland, 20723, USA 2 Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 Eighth Avenue [mdpi.com]

  In this case, the whole fish was consumed including the viscera which could be contaminated with PSP from shellfish consumption by the fish prior to death (MacLean & White 1989, Viviani 1992). [whoi.edu]

• Pain

  Symptoms can appear ten to 30 minutes after ingestion, and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tingling or burning lips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs, and toes. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Shellfish Poisoning Paralysis Symptoms Symptoms of shellfish poisoning begin 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating and include: Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingertips. Muscle paralysis may occur. [webmd.com]

  Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tingling or burning lips, gums, tongue, face, neck, arms, legs, and toes. One clam could be fatal. [thespruce.com]

  Gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain are less common. Most victims are calm and conscious of their condition throughout their illness. [pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca]

  Symptoms include: Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Cardiovascular: bradycardia, heart block, hypotension. [wwwnc.cdc.gov]

• Dyspnea

  Thompson's dyspnea and reduce her respiratory rate. Perform complete respiratory and neurologic exams. Because of the risk of respiratory muscle paralysis, provide aggressive respiratory support and have intubation equipment nearby. Determine Ms. [journals.lww.com]

• Nausea

  They developed varying degrees of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, ataxia and paresthesias after eating mussels harvested from a beach near their resort. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Without the movement of sodium, nerve cells cannot function, causing the PSP symptoms of tingling, numbness, disorientation, paralysis, nausea, respiratory failure, and even death. [seagrant.uaf.edu]

  […] paralytic shell·fish poisoning | \ -ˈshel-ˌfish- \ Medical Definition of paralytic shell fish poisoning : shellfish poisoning that is characterized by numbness and tingling, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, muscle weakness, and sometimes paralysis [merriam-webster.com]

  Symptoms of DSP The symptoms of DSP can include: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, and chills. Symptoms usually occur 30 minutes to six hours after consumption. [inspection.gc.ca]

  Shellfish Poisons Shellfish Poisoning Type Symptoms Cause Amnestic permanent short term memory loss, brain damage, death domoic acid Diarrheal diarrhea, nausea, vomiting okadaic acid, azaspiracid Neurotoxic slurred speech, nausea, vomiting brevetoxins [emedicinehealth.com]

• Tingling

  Early signs of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) often include tingling of the lips and tongue. Symptoms may progress to tingling of fingers and toes, then loss of control of arms and legs, followed by difficulty breathing. [foodsafetynews.com]

  Without the movement of sodium, nerve cells cannot function, causing the PSP symptoms of tingling, numbness, disorientation, paralysis, nausea, respiratory failure, and even death. [seagrant.uaf.edu]

  The first indication of poisoning is numbness or tingling of the lips and tongue, which spreads to the fingers and toes. These symptoms are followed by a loss of muscular coordination, terminating in paralysis as well as inability to breathe. [pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca]

  Symptoms include tingling, numbness, headaches, weakness and difficulty breathing. Medical treatment is to provide respiratory support, without which the prognosis can be fatal. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] paralytic shell·fish poisoning | \ -ˈshel-ˌfish- \ Medical Definition of paralytic shell fish poisoning : shellfish poisoning that is characterized by numbness and tingling, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, muscle weakness, and sometimes paralysis [merriam-webster.com]

• Headache

  Symptoms include tingling, numbness, headaches, weakness and difficulty breathing. Medical treatment is to provide respiratory support, without which the prognosis can be fatal. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Tingling (pins and needles feeling or paresthesia), and Numbness, spreading from lips and mouth to face, neck and extremities Dizziness Arm and leg weakness, paralysis Respiratory failure and in severe cases, death Headache Nausea Vomiting Symptoms start [bccdc.ca]

  Symptoms of DSP The symptoms of DSP can include: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, and chills. Symptoms usually occur 30 minutes to six hours after consumption. [inspection.gc.ca]

  The first evidence of PSP intoxication usually begins with a tingling sensation or numbness around lips within 5-30 minutes of ingestion, gradually spreading to face and neck, a prickly sensation in fingertips and toes as well as headache and dizziness [pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca]

  In mild cases, symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, dizziness, muscle weakness, disorientation, memory loss, loss of coordination, or difficulty swallowing. These symptoms disappear within several days. [fnha.ca]

• Paresthesia

  Notes Clinical illness defined as: neurological symptoms such as paresthesia and/or paralysis involving the mouth and extremities, which may be accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. [bccdc.ca]

  They developed varying degrees of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, ataxia and paresthesias after eating mussels harvested from a beach near their resort. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The most common symptoms, which started 1-2 hours after consumption of the mussels, were paresthesias, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, weakness and a “floating sensation” that is said to be characteristic of PSP. [thepoisonreview.com]

  Paresthesia often spreads to the neck and face and sometimes to the toes and fingertips. It may be followed by muscular weakness on the lower and upper limbs and on more serious cases, patients may also have ataxia, dysphagia and dysphonia. [healthguidance.org]

• Flaccid Paralysis

  Severe cases are associated with ingestion of large doses of toxin and clinical features such as ataxia, dysphagia, mental status changes, flaccid paralysis, and respiratory failure. [wwwnc.cdc.gov]

However, to examine the long-term effects and the environmental safety of this method, we investigated alterations in macronutrients and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs) induced by the application of MC treatment to a toxic bloom, Alexandrium [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Management and Treatment: In general, supportive measures are the basis of treatment for PSP, especially ventilatory support in severe cases. In animals, artificial respiration is the most effective treatment. [whoi.edu]

Medical treatment is to provide respiratory support, without which the prognosis can be fatal. To protect human health, seafood harvesting bans are in effect when toxins exceed a safe action level (typically 80 microg STX eq 100 g(-1) tissue). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

If the victim survives the attack for 12 hours, then the prognosis is good. The illness duration may happen for a few days, but muscular weakness may persist for weeks. [healthguidance.org]

Shellfish Poisoning Prognosis In general, most outcomes, after the symptoms subside, are good. However, the outcomes worsen according to the amount and type of poison ingested. [emedicinehealth.com]

In addition, the access to emergency medical services in acute cases is crucial to the prognosis. [whoi.edu]

Electronic address: [email protected] 2 Epidemic Intelligence Service, (Alaska Section of Epidemiology), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. 3 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The detection of toxin in epidemiologically linked food confirms the diagnosis. There is no antidote. Respiratory support is recommended. [bccdc.ca]

Health care providers and citizens should report any suspected case of PSP immediately to the Alaska Section of Epidemiology. To report, call 907-269-8000 (Monday–Friday, 8 am–5 pm) or 1-800-478-0084 (after hours). [seagrant.uaf.edu]

Pathophysiology The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings are water-soluble, are heat and acid-stable, and are not inactivated by ordinary cooking methods. [emedicine.com]

[…] the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MC-100-44, P.O. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In Canada, a monitoring and prevention program for saxitoxin (and other shellfish toxins such as those causing amnesic and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning) exists. [bccdc.ca]