We present a 40-year-old man with non-kinesigenic paroxysmal dyskinesia, which was initially diagnosed as a psychogenic disorder. This case highlights the varied presentation of this condition and an excellent response to clonazepam. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hunger

  Low amounts of energy due to hunger, lack of sleep, illness, or physical fatigue. Moderate to high presence of stress. Menstruation and ovulation. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Episodes are often triggered by alcohol, caffeine, hunger, fatigue, stress and nicotine. Movement does not trigger an episode. Onset of the disorder can vary from early childhood to early adulthood. [rarediseases.org]

• Psychiatric Symptoms

  Contarino MF, Foncke EM, Cath DC, Schuurman PR, Speelman JD, Thijssen MAJ: Effect of pallidal deep brain stimulation on psychiatric symptoms in myoclonus-dystonia syndrome due to E-sarcoglycan mutations. Arch Neurol 2011;68:1087-1088. [karger.com]

• Facial Grimacing

  There was no axial muscle involvement, nor any oromandibular dystonia or facial grimacing. [neurologyindia.com]

Workup for his symptoms including blood counts, electrolytes, calcium, thyroid functions, vasculitic workup, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain, and electroencephalogram (EEG) were all within normal limits. [annalsofian.org]

We describe the case of a young female patient who was admitted for diagnostic workup: epileptic seizures versus psychogenic movement disorders. [e-jmd.org]

Paroxysmal dyskinesia was well responded to oxcarbazepine (600 mg/day) treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

You can help by adding to it. ( October 2017 ) Treatment [ edit ] Most pharmacological treatments work poorly, but the best treatment is a low dosage of clonazepam, a muscle relaxant. [en.wikipedia.org]

Previous case reports showed effective treatment of PNKD with deep brain stimulation (DBS). We report 2 patients in whom DBS was highly successful when other treatment modalities had failed. [karger.com]

Prognosis No long-term sequelae are associated with PNKD. Moreover, 61% of patients with PNKD show a tendency to decrease the frequency of their attacks with age. However, in some patients, episodes may remain unchanged or worsen with age. [orpha.net]

Typically, patients receive antiepileptic medications, and improvement of symptoms is usually associated with a good prognosis. If symptoms do not improve with antiepileptic medication(s), the prognosis is not favorable. [encyclopedia.com]

The diagnosis of PKD is based on the clinical features and the correct diagnosis has implications for treatment and prognosis. However, PKD is often misdiagnosed clinically as epilepsy or psychogenic illness. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

The events appear very frightening for carers but have a good prognosis. When reflex anoxic seizures are very frequent, atropine or cardiac pacing may be considered. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

Etiology The pathophysiology of PNKD still remains to be elucidated but approximately 60% of patients exhibit mutations in the PNKD gene (2q35), encoding the PNKD protein (formerly named myofibrillogenesis regulator 1 protein, MR-1). [orpha.net]

• Paroxysmal dyskinesias may be sporadic, genetic, or caused by metabolic or structural etiologies. • Another common cause of paroxysmal dyskinesias is psychogenic movement disorders. • Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia typically responds well to antiepileptic [medlink.com]

The etiology of non-epileptic seizures is heterogeneous, with different predisposing, precipitating and promoting factors in different affected individuals. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]

PKD is an abnormal involuntary movement that is episodic or intermittent, with sudden onset, and the attacks are induced by sudden movement. [1] Based on etiology, PKD can be classified as primary or secondary PKD. [2] Based on their hereditary nature [annalsofian.org]

Our findings therefore support a possible common genetic etiology in PKD and other forms of epilepsy 28. Our data also suggest that susceptibility variants for both syndromes may be found within the EKD3 locus. [nature.com]

Summary Epidemiology The prevalence of PNKD is estimated to be 1/1,000,000 worldwide. A male preponderance is observed (1.4:1). Clinical description The age of onset is variable ranging from 1 to 77 years. [orpha.net]

Relevant External Links for PNKD Genetic Association Database (GAD) PNKD Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator PNKD Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology: PNKD No data available for Genatlas for PNKD Gene Myofibrillogenesis [genecards.org]

Possible pathophysiology is discussed based on recent literature, and we stress that PAPS must be considered in movement disorders of a paroxysmal nature. (c) 2004 Movement Disorder Society. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Possible pathophysiology is discussed based on recent literature, and we stress that PAPS must be considered in movement disorders of a paroxysmal nature. (C) 2004 Movement Disorder Society. [rug.nl]

Possible pathophysiology is discussed based on recent literature, and we stress that PAPS must be considered in movement disorders of a paroxysmal nature. 2004 Movement Disorder Society No References No Citations No Supplementary Data No Article Media [ingentaconnect.com]

However, researchers suggest it may have to do with PRRT2's expression in the basal ganglia, and the expression of an associated protein, SNAP25, in the basal ganglia as well. [8] Pathophysiology [ edit ] The pathophysiology of PKD is not fully explained [en.wikipedia.org]

In addition, avoiding any sudden movements can also prevent an attack. [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] citrate, in doses of 50-200 mg/kg, was shown to significantly reduce parkinsonian dyskinesia in Parkinson’s-induced monkeys. 9 Another study, published in 2005 in the Journal of Anesthesia and Analgesia, looked at the ability of magnesium sulfate to prevent [ndnr.com]

The retained awareness and history of triggers should prevent misdiagnosis as focal seizures. [epilepsydiagnosis.org]