Glandular and pseudoglandular tumors of the penile skin are extremely uncommon and can present diagnostic challenges. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Inflammation

  Factors contributing to chronic inflammation may predispose to this disease. Carbon dioxide and neodymium:YAG lasers are two modalities that are successful in the treatment of in situ and probably early invasive penile carcinoma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Etiology Chronic inflammation of the penis Risk factors Phimosis, particularly if left untreated Tobacco use Infections Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection, especially type H PV -16 and HPV -18 HIV Precancerous skin lesions (see “Differential diagnoses [amboss.com]

  Inguinal nodes may be enlarged due to inflammation and secondary infection. If cancer is suspected, biopsy is required; if possible, tissue under the lesion should be sampled. [merckmanuals.com]

  Penile Health (Non Cancerous Conditions) Balanitis This is a term used to describe inflammation of the penis and is more common in uncircumcised men. [orchid-cancer.org.uk]

  One theory postulates that smegma accumulation under the phimotic foreskin results in chronic inflammation leading to carcinoma. A viral cause has also been suggested as a result of the association of this tumor with cervical carcinoma. Pathology A. [health.am]

• Swelling

  Swelling Swelling at the end of the penis, especially when the foreskin is constricted, is another possible sign of penile cancer. It may be harder to draw back the foreskin. [cancer.org]

  A doctor will examine the skin of the penis carefully and may also feel the lymph nodes to check for swelling. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  […] the shaft or tip of the penis Irregular or growing bluish-brown flat lesions or marks beneath the foreskin or on the penis Reddish, velvety rash beneath the foreskin Small, crusty bumps beneath the foreskin Swollen lymph nodes in the groin Irregular swelling [cancer.net]

  Always tell your doctor or specialist nurse if you have any swelling in your feet or legs. The earlier lymphoedema is diagnosed, the easier it is to manage. We have more information on lymphoedema. [macmillan.org.uk]

  Penis cancer spreads to the lymph nodes in the groin, leading to swelling and/or pain. Diagnosis A lesion suspicious for penile cancer requires a biopsy. This is a procedure where either a portion or entire lesion is removed for pathologic analysis. [washington.edu]

• Pathologist

  […] and the review pathologists were compared. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Our team of urologic oncologists and male reproductive health specialists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, diagnostic and interventional radiologists, pathologists, and fertility preservation experts will collaborate to customize [nyp.org]

  Katrine Lie MD Pathologist Østfold Hospital Trust Norway Recently updated 02.11.2016 Penile cancer always starts on the glans or the inner fold of the prepuce. [oncolex.org]

• Nausea

  There are effective and readily available medications to address traditional side effects from cancer treatment (such as nausea, diarrhea, constipation and mouth sores.) [cancersupportcommunity.org]

  The side effects of chemotherapy depend on the individual and the dose used, but they can include fatigue, risk of infection, nausea and vomiting, mouth sores, hair loss, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. [cancer.net]

  It is also better for your health since taking medication such as Viagra can cause diarrhoea and nausea. Conclusion If you suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED), it is important not to beat yourself up as it is not the end of the world. [andrologiapertutti.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  […] in drawing back the foreskin (phimosis) A rash on the penis A change in the color of the penis or foreskin Symptoms of advanced penile cancer include: A lump (swollen lymph node) in the groin Feeling tired Abdominal pain Pain in the bones Weight loss [nypost.com]

• Diarrhea

  There are effective and readily available medications to address traditional side effects from cancer treatment (such as nausea, diarrhea, constipation and mouth sores.) [cancersupportcommunity.org]

  The side effects of chemotherapy depend on the individual and the dose used, but they can include fatigue, risk of infection, nausea and vomiting, mouth sores, hair loss, loss of appetite, and diarrhea. [cancer.net]

• Papule

  SCC in situ exhibited papules or erythema and erosion, usually smaller than 2 cm. Invasive SCC was characterized by ulcers and/or vegetation, usually single and bigger than 2 cm. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Leukoplakia or the flat-topped papules of balanitis xerotica obliterans may be premalignant lesions, and the velvety red painful papules of Queyrat's erythroplasia are penile squamous cell carcinoma in situ. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  For more information on Lichen Planus form NHS Choices please click here Pearly Penile Papules Around 10-20% of men may notice these small pearl like bumps which usually affect the crown of the penis. [orchid-cancer.org.uk]

  It appears as a painful papule on the glans or shaft with bluish-purple discoloration. These lesions tend to be radiosensitive. Daily Prostate Cancer News [health.am]

   SIGNS  The presentation ranges from a relatively subtle induration or small excrescence to a small papule, pustule, warty growth, or exophytic lesion.  It may appear as a shallow erosion or as a deeply excavated ulcer with elevated or rolled-in [slideshare.net]

• Eczema

   The appearance can be confused with bowenoid papulosis, nummular eczema, psoriasis, and superficial basal cell carcinoma. 13.  Invasive carcinoma may occur in about 5% to 33% of cases.  Metastasis is extremely rare. [slideshare.net]

• Penile Lesion

  Figure 1 Preoperative anterior view of the fungating penile lesion. Figure 2 Preoperative anterosuperior view of the fungating penile lesion. Figure 3 Anterosuperior view of the resected penile lesion. [casereports.bmj.com]

  METHODS: This was a retrospective histologic analysis of 68 cases of penile SCC. Adjacent lesions were considered to be premalignant lesions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Diagnosis A lesion suspicious for penile cancer requires a biopsy. This is a procedure where either a portion or entire lesion is removed for pathologic analysis. [washington.edu]

  Cutaneous penile horn: conical and exophytic lesion associated with areas of chronic inflammation. Presentation Around half of presenting patients have had the lesion for six months or more. [patient.info]

• Urethral Disease

  Optimal treatment includes coordination with a urologist if urethral disease is present. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Imaging Metastatic workup should include CXR, bone scan, and CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis. Disseminated disease is present in less than 10% of patients at presentation. [health.am]

Carbon dioxide and neodymium:YAG lasers are two modalities that are successful in the treatment of in situ and probably early invasive penile carcinoma. Optimal treatment includes coordination with a urologist if urethral disease is present. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Several different histological subtypes of penile carcinoma had been described in the last decades, many with different biological behavior and prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis of Cancer of the Penis (Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis) Prognosis depends largely on the level of metastases and invasion. The 5 year survival rate for local invasion in 66% but decreases to 27% with lymph node involvement. [myvmc.com]

BACKGROUND: In contrast to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the etiologic factors and precancerous lesions associated with penile carcinoma remain uncertain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology Chronic inflammation of the penis Risk factors Phimosis, particularly if left untreated Tobacco use Infections Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) infection, especially type H PV -16 and HPV -18 HIV Precancerous skin lesions (see “Differential diagnoses [amboss.com]

Human papillomavirus, particularly types 16 and 18, plays a role in etiology. Premalignant lesions include erythroplasia of Queyrat, Bowen disease, and bowenoid papulosis. [merckmanuals.com]

Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology of penile cancer including the role of HPV. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology Rare type of malignancy in industrialized countries More common in developing countries in Africa, South America, and Asia Peak incidence : 60 years of age References: [1] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

Pathophysiology Penile cancers usually begin as small lesions on the glans or prepuce. They range from white-grey, irregular exophytic to reddish flat and ulcerated endophytic masses. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Previous regional lymphadenectomy did not prevent subsequent development of regional recurrence. This clinical presentation and the literature are discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Primary prevention, education, and vaccination are important to reduce the occurrence of HPV infection and associated cancers. [nejm.org]

"Penile cancer: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention". World Journal of Urology. 27 (2): 141–150. doi : 10.1007/s00345-008-0302-z. [en.wikipedia.org]