Three patients presented with retention of urine, four had difficulty in passing urine and two patients presented with painful erection. [ajol.info]

Each of the patients presented much the same picture, which will be described in detail in another part of the paper. Urethral stenosis was present in all. [cirp.org]

The clinical presentation and complications of lichen sclerosus are well known. What is less well known is the true incidence of the condition. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hairy Tongue

  Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia [en.wikipedia.org]

• Hemorrhagic Bullae

  Erosions and hemorrhagic or serious subepidermal bullae, especially near the meatus, may accompany the cicatricial changes. We noted hemorrhagic bullae in one of our cases early in the course of the disease. [cirp.org]

• Follicular Plugging

  The presence of dells and of follicular plugging is regarded as an important diagnostic aid. [cirp.org]

• Penile Lesion

  Family physicians commonly diagnose and manage penile cutaneous lesions. [aafp.org]

  Treatment of Penile lesion T1 G3, T ≥ 2 Partial / total amputation. Conservative strategy is an alternative in very carefully selected patients. 22. Treatment of Penile lesion Local recurrence Second conservative procedure. [slideshare.net]

  Penile cancer most often present as a lesion on the penis. [bradyurology.blogspot.com]

  Cutaneous penile horn: conical and exophytic lesion associated with areas of chronic inflammation. Presentation Around half of presenting patients have had the lesion for six months or more. [patient.info]

  Clinical presentation of penile cancer Penile cancer usually begin as small lesions which can range from irregular white grey flat lesion that fail to heal, eroded ulcer with rolled up edges to reddish ulcerative mass. [medthical.com]

Imaging Metastatic workup should include CXR, bone scan, and CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis. Disseminated disease is present in less than 10% of patients at presentation. [health.am]

• Lymphocytes Increased

  Later, the relative number of lymphocytes increases, and epitheloid and plasma cells may be present. In the subacute phases the lympocytic infiltrate becomes arranged about the vessels. [cirp.org]

• Lymphocytic Infiltrate

  The classic lesion of penile LS occurs relatively late and is characterized by hyperkeratosis of the epithelium, atrophy and loss of the rete pegs, degeneration of the basal cells, sclerosis of the sub epithelial collagen and lymphocytic infiltration [urologyannals.com]

  Histologically, BXO is characterized by hyperkeratosis, epidermal atrophy, vascular alteration of basal keratinocytes, subepidermal edema, sclerosis of the subepidermal collagen, and lymphocytic infiltration [1,8,12]. [urotoday.com]

Treatment Options Potent topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment. In general, the risk of atrophy from uncontrolled disease outweighs the risk of pulse therapy with potent topical corticosteroids. [dermatologyadvisor.com]

The treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans I. Depasquale 1, A.J. Park 1 and A. [cirp.org]

Further treatment, or treatment of circumcised patients, is more challenging. Intraurethral steroids provide efficacious therapy for stricture disease in patients with biopsy proven BXO before invasive surgery. 4. [londoncircumcisioncentre.co.uk]

No consensus exists about the optimal approach to treatment for balanitis xerotica obliterans. Surgery (including skin grafting), a variety of pharmacologic therapies, and laser treatment have been used with varying degrees of success. [medpagetoday.com]

The traditional treatment has been radical circumcision when the disease is affecting the penile skin and at a young age [7]. However, many conservative treatment options are now available [6]. [urotoday.com]

References: [7] [8] Prognosis [amboss.com]

The prognosis depends upon several factors and may be guarded Who gets Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans? (Age and Sex Distribution) Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans is a condition of the penis that usually affects men in the 30-50 years age group. [dovemed.com]

Submission of the foreskin for histological analysis should always be considered, as prognosis differs for lichen sclerosus vs nonlichen sclerosus histology. We recommend a care pathway for boys with lichen sclerosus. [f1000.com]

Physical examination is of paramount importance as staging (depth of spread; see below) is most important in determining prognosis. [bradyurology.blogspot.com]

Prognosis The prognosis for urachal cancer remains poor with its insidious course and advanced disease at presentation. [abdominalkey.com]

There appears to be an increased risk for family members to develop LS, suggesting a genetic component to the etiology. General Prevention Neonatal circumcision appears to be protective. [unboundmedicine.com]

Operations on the genitals, such as circumcision and dorsal incision, are not etiologic factors in our opinion. In contradistinction to Stühmer's 2 belief that the disease occurs only in young adults, we feel that it may occur at any age. [jamanetwork.com]

Etiology: may be idiopathic or may be associated with an underlying carcinoma. [auanet.org]

The exact etiology is unknown. [urotoday.com]

Abstract Background: Balanitis Xerotic obliterans (BXO) or Penile Lichen Sclerosus is a dermatological condition affecting the genitalia and associated with chronic, progressive, sclerosing inflammatory dermatosis of unclear etiology. [ajol.info]

Balanitis xerotica obliterans: epidemiologic distribution in an equal access health care system. South Med J. 2003 Jan. 96(1):9-11. [Medline]. Huntley JS, Bourne MC, Munro FD, Wilson-Storey D. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Epidemiology Rare type of malignancy in industrialized countries More common in developing countries in Africa, South America, and Asia Peak incidence : 60 years of age References: [1] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

Epidemiology The prevalence is 1 in 300 to 1 in 1,000 men. Peak incidence appears to be 21 to 30 years of age ( 2 ). Neonatal circumcision appears to prevent development of BXO. [unboundmedicine.com]

16060864 ) Kiss A....Merksz M. 2005 39 Heroic measures may not always be justified in extensive urethral stricture due to lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans). ( 15351594 ) Peterson A.C....Webster G.D. 2004 40 Balanitis xerotica obliterans: epidemiologic [malacards.org]

Epidemiology Balanitis is more common in men than in boys. It is present in approximately 11% of attendees at genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics. Balanitis affected 5.9% of uncircumcised boys in one study and 14% in another. Risk factors. [unityskinclinic.com]

However, circumcision later in childhood may not be protective; affects foreskin and glans in 57–100%, meatus in 4–37% with involvement of urethra in about 20% Etiology and Pathophysiology The exact cause of BXO is unknown. [unboundmedicine.com]

AIDS Pathophysiology AIDS Transmission AIDS Treatment AIDS Prognosis History of AIDS AIDS Stigma [news-medical.net]

Etiology Pathophysiology Although the pathogenesis is unknown, HLA-subtype susceptibility and high rates of associated autoimmune disorders suggest that the disorder may be autoimmune in nature. [dermatologyadvisor.com]

Pathophysiology The etiology of male genital lichen sclerosus is unknown, but it is thought to be multifactorial. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) has occurred in monozygotic twins, which suggests a genetic basis for the disease in some cases. [emedicine.medscape.com]

To get free no obligation Quote For Penile Cancer Treatment in India : click here India & International : +91 9371770341 Pathophysiology Penile cancers usually begin as small lesions on the glans or prepuce. [indiacancersurgerysite.com]

General Prevention Neonatal circumcision appears to be protective. Early diagnosis may allow for earlier treatment to prevent anatomic changes, such as stricture, and prevent malignant change ( 1 ). [unboundmedicine.com]

The following factors may be considered towards the preventative steps for Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans: Prevent phimosis by treating any infections early and in a timely fashion Refraining from intense sexual activities or ensuring care during sexual [dovemed.com]

Treatment is aimed at the relief of symptoms and prevention of disease progression. Topical steroid therapy is the first-line ther... [5minuteconsult.com]

Immediate treatment needed to prevent ischemia; options are corporal aspiration, intracavernosal phenylephrine, or surgical decompression • Name two risk factors associated with an increased rate of penile squamous cell carcinoma. [brainscape.com]

A hard, white ring of tissue often forms on the glans which prevents the foreskin from retracting. [medic8.com]