Presentation
This non-systematic review presents an overview and discusses some controversies related to this field. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
A genetic component may be present in certain families; the familial rate of hypospadias is about 7%. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Entire Body System
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Infertility
Other factors that contribute to infertility, such as underlying endocrinopathies or fetal endocrine abnormalities, may play a role. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Does infertility treatment increase male reproductive tract disorder? Urology. 2013;81:644–648. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.12.003. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] 5. Baskin LS. Hypospadias and urethral development. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
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Inguinal Hernia
Associated anomalies of undescended testicles and/or an inguinal hernia occur in about 9% of cases. Treatment & Care There is no medical management for hypospadias. It must be treated with surgery. [texaschildrens.org]
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Pain
He will be prescribed pain medicine for his discomfort, but acetaminophen or ibuprofen is also helpful. Most boys are sent home with a urinary catheter in the penis for a couple of days. [texaschildrens.org]
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Surgical Procedure
More severe forms of hypospadias may require long-term follow-up and multiple surgical procedures. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Urogenital
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Cryptorchidism
Hormonal and environmental influences Most hypospadias occur as an isolated condition, but associated anomalies include uni-bilateral cryptorchidism and micropenis [25]. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism (2014). American Urological Association. Available at . April 2014; Accessed: June 13, 2019. Kaefer M, Diamond D, Hendren WH, Vemulapalli S, Bauer SB, Peters CA, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Treatment
Treatment & Care There is no medical management for hypospadias. It must be treated with surgery. [texaschildrens.org]
During the first millennium, the primary treatment for hypospadias was amputation of the penis distal to the meatus. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Controversies in treatment The main goal for hypospadias repair is to achieve both cosmetic and functional normalities. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Fertility treatments. The mother may have used hormone therapy or medicine to help her get pregnant.. The mother’s age and weight. [webmd.com]
Prognosis
Prognosis With modern anesthetics, instruments, sutures, dressing materials, and antibiotics, hypospadias repair is considered generally successful. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Etiology
Etiology Many hypotheses have been proposed concerning the etiology of hypospadias, including genetic predisposition, inadequate hormonal stimulation prenatally, maternal-placental factors, and environmental influences. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Etiology Several etiologies for hypospadias have been suggested, including genetic, endocrine, and environmental factors. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Epidemiology
Epidemiology The prevalence of hypospadias in Europe is approximately 18.6 per 10,000 births. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
A joint international study on the epidemiology of hypospadias. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1986. 324:1-52. [Medline]. Kiss A, Sulya B, Szász AM, Romics I, Kelemen Z, Tóth J, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Hypospadias is a congenital defect that is thought to occur during the embryologic development of the urethra, between 8 and 20 weeks' gestation. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Prevention
He will be prescribed a medication to prevent bladder spasms during this time as well as an antibiotic to prevent infection. The most common complication of surgery is an urethrocutaneous fistula, or an opening between the urethra and penile skin. [texaschildrens.org]
Comparison of dartos flap and dartos flap plus spongioplasty to prevent the formation of fistulae in the Snodgrass technique. Int Urol Nephrol. 2011 Dec. 43 (4):943-8. [Medline]. Chang PC, Yeh ML, Chao CC, Chang CJ. [emedicine.medscape.com]