We present examples showing the importance of 3D anatomic reconstruction of brain structures and MRI tractography for assessing white matter connectivity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Minimally conscious state The patient has altered consciousness which is usually severe but there are aspects of awareness which are present, albeit inconsistently. [patient.info]

• Pupillary Abnormality

  The two outcome groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, pupillary abnormalities, initial Glascow Coma Scale score (GCS), treatment methods (e.g., craniotomy for subdural hematoma), medical complications, or evidence of prehospital hypotensive [web.archive.org]

  Other variables that are correlated with a poor outcome include an advanced age, pupillary abnormalities, and a low score on a test of motor responses 47. [doi.org]

• Sweating

  The prognosis is worse if there are hypothalamic disturbances producing central fever, excess sweating, disturbances in salt and water metabolism, and refractory pulmonary problems. [doi.org]

• Facial Swelling

  Facial swelling from prolonged administration of artificial nutrition and hydration decreases as the patient becomes progressively dehydrated; during the last few days of life, facial features may assume a more normal appearance. [dx.doi.org]

• Motor Disturbances

  A case report of remarkable improvement of motor disturbances with L-dopa in a patient with post-diffuse axonal injury. Brain Dev 1998 ; 20 : 124 –6. ↵ Doder M, Jahanshahi M, Turjanski N, et al. [dx.doi.org]

  Koeda T, Takeshita K: A case report of remarkable improvement of motor disturbances with L -DOPA in a patient with post-diffuse axonal injury. Brain Dev 1998;20:124–126. [doi.org]

• Apraxia

  This situation is further complicated when patients with such disorders of consciousness have underlying deficits in the domain of verbal or non-verbal communication functions, such as aphasia, agnosia or apraxia [ 32, 33 ]. [doi.org]

• Loss of Speech

  Akinetic mutism is a rare syndrome characterized by pathologically slowed or nearly absent bodily movement and loss of speech 28. Wakefulness and self-awareness may be preserved, but the level of mental function is reduced. [doi.org]

The SBU assessment stated: "[t]here is limited evidence that either visually rated EEG or qEEG helps the diagnostic workup differentiate AD (Alzheimer’s Disease) patients from controls or AD from other dementia disorders." [aetna.com]

• Generalized Periodic Patterns

  EEG findings included normal, continuous generalized slowing, intermittent generalized slowing, background slowing, background suppression, alpha, generalized periodic pattern, PLEDS, and triphasic waves. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  EEG findings included normal, continuous generalized slowing, intermittent generalized slowing, background slowing, background suppression, alpha, generalized periodic pattern, PLEDS… CONTINUE READING [semanticscholar.org]

• Triphasic Waves

  EEG findings included normal, continuous generalized slowing, intermittent generalized slowing, background slowing, background suppression, alpha, generalized periodic pattern, PLEDS, and triphasic waves. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This may cause epileptiform changes, varying in type and extent, such as spiked triphasic waves or periodic or persistent epileptic activity ( 24 ). [tidsskriftet.no]

• Abnormal EEG

  […] to detect this, and the EEG only became abnormal in IPD at clinical onset. [aetna.com]

• Low-Voltage EEG

  In some patients, very-low-voltage EEG activity is all that can be detected. In others, persistent alpha activity is the most remarkable feature. [doi.org]

• Isoelectric EEG

  There have been occasional reports of isoelectric EEGs in patients in a vegetative state 37,58,76,81,82. [doi.org]

These were conducted at baseline and after completion of the treatments. 3 children were enrolled. The Rancho assessment scales showed no change with treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Two months after the start of the treatment, he was extubated and was able to say his name and address correctly. Six months after the start of treatment, he was transferred to another hospital to continue rehabilitation. [dx.doi.org]

Conflicting perspectives about the diagnosis and prognosis of the persistent vegetative state (PVS) as well as end-of-life (EOL) decision-making were disseminated in the Terri Schiavo case. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

As therapies aimed at cerebral resuscitation and preservation following acute injury are developed and proved efficacious, prior guidelines for determining prognosis will require redefinition and reconfirmation. [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

Defining prognosis in medical coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991 ;54: 569 - 571 53. Shewmon DA, De Giorgio CM. Early prognosis in anoxic coma: reliability and rationale. Neurol Clin 1989 ;7: 823 - 843 54. Childs A. [doi.org]

Median survival based on etiology varied from 3.0 to 8.6 years; no consistent relationship existed between etiology and duration of survival. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Traumatic brain injury and diffuse cerebral hypoxia are the most common etiologies. Patients in PVS may appear awake but are not aware or conscious, and they are unable to communicate with others or purposefully interact with their environment. [amboss.com]

The epidemiology of pediatric head injuries: Data from a referral centre in Victoria, Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009; May 28; 10 Egan J, Snyman N, Scheinberg N. et al. [doi.org]

[…] produced and regulated. [ 9 ] It is also important to determine whether patients in PDOC experience pain, and functional imaging may also be of help in this area. [ 10 ] There is consideration for the role of post-mortems in confirming the diagnosis - for epidemiological [patient.info]

To clarify the pathophysiological differences of the cerebrovascular reserve capacity in relation to cerebral cognitive impairments between persistent vegetative state (PVS) and vascular dementia (VD), we evaluated acetazolamide (ACZ) vasoreactivity testing [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] brain injury Diffuse cerebral hypoxia Other causes of severe damage to the cerebral hemispheres and/or thalamus (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, CNS infections, metabolic disturbances, toxins, developmental malformations of the CNS ) References: [1] Pathophysiology [amboss.com]

[…] and fractional anisotropy are related to the density, diameter and geometry of myelinated fibers.[10,23] We are using this technique to assess anatomical connectivity in PVS and MCS patients.[11] This is crucial for explaining and understanding the pathophysiology [medicc.org]

In the present article we seek to provide a principle understanding of electroencephalography (EEG), with an outline of the basic physiology and some simple pathophysiological observations. [tidsskriftet.no]

Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent and treat coma. [web.archive.org]

Heterogeneity of brain injury, consequences of long term minimal brain activity and potential factors that prevent recovery to consciousness are discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Preventing blood clots includes use of drugs and compression or elevation of the person's legs. Moving the limbs, as occurs in passive-range-of-motion exercises, may also help prevent blood clots. [msdmanuals.com]