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If there is no agent present, then there will be no reaction. The reaction indicates whether a chemical agent is, or is not, present in the air. [luxfermagtech.com]

– PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 389 Avg rating: 3.0/5.0 less Transcript and Presenter's Notes Title: Phosgene Oxime Vesicants Blistering Agents 1 Phosgene OximeVesicants / Blistering Agents 2 Vesicants / Blistering Agents Phosgene Oxime [powershow.com]

Presentation on theme: "VESICANTS. MILITARY VESICANTS  Mustards(H)  Sulfur (agent) (HD)  Nitrogen (chemotherapy) (HN)  Lewisite(L)  Phosgene Oxime(CX) NATO Codes. [slideplayer.com]

A 40-year-old Kurdish émigré presents to your office accompanied by his daughter who translates for him. As a teenager, his village was gassed by the Iraqi military. [mhmedical.com]

• Cough

  Absorbing phosgene oxime through the skin or inhaling it may result in fluid in the lungs with symptoms of shortness of breath and cough. Treatment There is no specific antidote or treatment that exists for exposure to mustard. [alabamapublichealth.gov]

  Respiratory symptoms such as nose and sinus pain, cough, sore throat, and shortness of breath may occur within hours. Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. [dermnetnz.org]

  Some patients with severe coughs fail to develop serious lung injury, while others with little sign of early respiratory tract irritation develop fatal pulmonary edema. [fas.org]

  […] bacteria bacterium biological agents Biological Weapon Bioterrorism Blood Agents Botulism breathing cause Center for Environment Center for Infectious Centers for Disease chest tightness clothing colorless contagious contaminated Control and Prevention cough [books.google.de]

  MANAGEMENT: SKIN  General supportive care  Debridement of burns  Frequent irrigation  Antibiotics: topical/systemic (cellulitis)  Systemic analgesics  Appropriate IV fluids and electrolytes  Burn Unit in Severe Cases 28 MANAGEMENT: AIRWAYS  Steam, cough [slideplayer.com]

• Hoarseness

  Severe pain, tearing and irritation in the eyes; possible temporary blindness (similar to that seen with lewisite) Irritation to the upper respiratory tract, causing runny nose, hoarseness and sinus pain. [alabamapublichealth.gov]

  […] only mild conjunctivitis  Return to duty in 2 weeks  15% moderate conjunctivitis  Return to duty 4-6 weeks  10% severe; under 1% with residual damage  0.1% “legal” blindness 23 MUSTARD: ACUTE EFFECTS  Upper airway  Hemorrhage  Pain  Larynx  Hoarseness [slideplayer.com]

  Respiratory symptoms include immediate irritation to the upper respiratory tract, causing runny nose, hoarseness, and sinus pain. [dermnetnz.org]

  If vesicant vapors are inhaled, the patient might experience hoarseness and stridor, severe cough, hemoptysis, severe dyspnea 170. [quizlet.com]

  […] vapors Protective clothing worn (if any) Effects on surroundings (eg, other human or animal casualties) CX casualties typically report unbearable pain in exposed skin and eyes; difficulty with sight or blindness after ocular exposure; and sore throat, hoarseness [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Dyspnea

  Determining factors for return to the emergency department should include cough recurrence, dyspnea (especially resting dyspnea), and chest discomfort. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  If vesicant vapors are inhaled, the patient might experience hoarseness and stridor, severe cough, hemoptysis, severe dyspnea 170. [quizlet.com]

  INHALATION EXPOSURE : Immediate and incapacitating irritation, pain, and local tissue destruction of the upper airways; difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea); and cough. [cdc.gov]

• Chest Pain

  […] in exposed skin and eyes; difficulty with sight or blindness after ocular exposure; and sore throat, hoarseness, dyspnea, chest pain, and cough after respiratory exposure. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Symptoms are dry burning of the throat, choking, chest pain, vomiting, labored breathing, and cyanosis. Description Phosgene is a colourless, reactive, non-flammable gas that is heavier than air with a musty hay odour. [chemicalbook.com]

• Pruritus

  SKIN EXPOSURE : Immediate pain, whitening (blanching) of the skin surrounded by a red (erythematous) ring, local tissue death (necrosis), itching (pruritus), and hives (urticaria). Phosgene oxime is absorbed within seconds through the skin. [cdc.gov]

• Blepharospasm

  Conjunctivitis, lacrimation, lid edema, blepharospasm 3. Pleasant smell of freshly mown hay 4. No distinct lab findings History 1. Used in WWI gas warfare 2. Developed by Russia and Germany before WWII 3. [medtextfree.wordpress.com]

  Eyes: Eye examination typically demonstrates conjunctivitis, lacrimation, lid edema, and blepharospasm after even minute exposures. More severe exposures can result in keratitis, iritis, corneal perforation, and blindness. [bionity.com]

  0.9) 10 Signs and Symptoms Instant and severe pain Leads to the rapid use of protective gear and decontamination Victims have removed protective gear in an effort to relieve the pain 11 Signs and Symptoms Eyes Immediate symptoms Pain, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm [powershow.com]

  He developed diffuse skin erythema over most of his body, profound eye pain and photophobia, and blepharospasm. No blisters developed, but within several hours he noticed mild upper airway irritation and a dry cough. [mhmedical.com]

• Eye Pain

  He developed diffuse skin erythema over most of his body, profound eye pain and photophobia, and blepharospasm. No blisters developed, but within several hours he noticed mild upper airway irritation and a dry cough. [mhmedical.com]

  Itching and pain may continue throughout the healing process. Other system effects: Severe eye pain and irritation, tearing, and possibly temporary blindness. [dermnetnz.org]

• Blepharitis

  […] and Symptoms Instant and severe pain Leads to the rapid use of protective gear and decontamination Victims have removed protective gear in an effort to relieve the pain 11 Signs and Symptoms Eyes Immediate symptoms Pain, conjunctivitis, blepharospasm, blepharitis [powershow.com]

If cardiogenic pulmonary edema is strongly suspected Findings on chest radiography are as follows: Initial films may be normal Early changes include hyperinflation and hilar enlargement Later changes are typical for noncardiogenic pulmonary edema See Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Hepatic Necrosis

  For example, skin exposure or intravenous (IV) injection of CX causes pulmonary edema, while injection into the portal vein produces hepatic necrosis but not pulmonary edema. [7] Epidemiology Mortality/Morbidity Morbidity and mortality for exposures to [emedicine.com]

No specific treatment Relieve symptoms, prevent infection, promote healing Surgical treatment for necrotic lesions Treat pulmonary edema as indicated Recovery takes 1 - 3 months 6 months recovery time for burns 16 Treatment Caveats Eyes No topical anesthetics [powershow.com]

Treatment: Antidote – There is no antidote for sulfur mustard toxicity. Eye – Mild conjunctivitis beginning more than 12 hours after exposure is unlikely to progress to a severe lesion. [sccgov.org]

There are no antidotes available against CX-induced injury and the treatment is only supportive. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Vesicant agent treatment ensure patient has been properly decontaminated before ABC's are initiated. [quizlet.com]

Notify CDC & local health dept Military Detection/Treatment Kits (See Chemical Agent ID/Detection) 1. [medtextfree.wordpress.com]

Prognosis Prognosis is generally good for minimal exposures. Severe and early respiratory distress portends a poor prognosis. Morbidity and mortality for exposures to CX are dose dependent. [emedicine.medscape.com]

The presence or absence of these symptoms is of little value in immediate prognosis. [fas.org]

Course and Prognosis. Recovery takes 1 to 3 months. NEWS LETTER Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list [globalsecurity.org]

Alveoli may collapse, resulting in significant ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, unless the patient receives ventilatory support with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) Etiology Phosgene exposure may result from any of the following [11] : Small-scale [emedicine.medscape.com]

For example, skin exposure or intravenous (IV) injection of CX causes pulmonary edema, while injection into the portal vein produces hepatic necrosis but not pulmonary edema. [7] Epidemiology Mortality/Morbidity Morbidity and mortality for exposures to [emedicine.com]

Although CX is the most potent vesicating agent, it is one of the least studied chemical warfare agents and the pathophysiology as well as long term effects are largely unknown. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pathophysiology The mechanism of toxicity for CX is uncertain. [7] Possible mechanisms of toxicity include necrotizing effects of the chloride component or a direct effect of the oxime or carbonyl groups. [emedicine.com]

Military interest as CX penetrates garments and rubber quicker than other chemical agents Pathophysiology 1. CX is urticant or nettle agent, causes corrosive type of skin and tissue lesion 2. [medtextfree.wordpress.com]

In the present study, we exposed the dorsal skin of SKH-1 hairless mice with neat CX for 0.5 and 1.0 min using two 12 mm vapor caps, and studied different parameters associated with its pathophysiology. [faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

[…] the more health care providers and everyone else involved with the health care industry know about this subject and the diseases and injuries these agents and weapons can produce, the more likely mankind will be able to successfully mute, survive, or prevent [books.google.de]

14 Signs and Symptoms Respiratory Tract Instant irritation Leads to pulmonary edema Necrotizing bronchiolitis and pulmonary venule thrombosis Pulmonary injury may result from severe skin exposures 15 Treatment No specific treatment Relieve symptoms, prevent [powershow.com]

[…] inquiries: [email protected] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protects people’s health and safety by preventing and controlling diseases and injuries; enhances health decisions by providing credible information on critical health issues [emergency.cdc.gov]

Chief Editor Zygmunt F Dembek, PhD, MPH, MS, LHD Associate Professor, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F [emedicine.com]