With a sting 10 times stronger than an ordinary jellyfish, they present a more dangerous threat than the annual jellyfish invasion of beaches in Spain, France, Italy and North Africa. [telegraph.co.uk]

#1 P R Pugh The siphonophore sub-order Cystonectae presently comprises just five species in three genera and two families, and includes Physalia physalis, the Portuguese Man O'War. [read.qxmd.com]

Portuguese man of war ( Physalia physalis ) (Picture from Madrimasd ) Olindias phosphorica Olindias phosphorica is a jellyfish with a yellow and pink-blue umbrella, that present several channels towards the centre. [allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com]

Other fixed unit dosage forms, such as powders presented in sachets, may also be used. [patents.google.com]

• Pain

  Physalia physalis is now set to colonise the Mediterranean waters, posing a painful threat to early summer holidaymakers. [telegraph.co.uk]

  pain Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms Pain in the arms or legs For the great majority of bites, stings, or other forms of poisoning, the danger is either drowning after being stung or an allergic reaction to the venom. [account.allinahealth.org]

  They are bluish with a purple ribbon and have 8 tentacles, which if touched causes pain, but no other effects. A Shiff Arms type of jellyfish Pink jellyfish ( Pelagia Noctiluca ) Sting level: painful and dangerous. [holidays-majorca.co.uk]

  […] and pain by reducing the activity of the toxins and the sensation of the affected skin area. [sites.google.com]

  This can help with pain and itching. [medlineplus.gov]

• Fishing

  An interesting symbiosis has been observed between the Physalia and small perch fishes – the perch fishes are immune to the medusa’s poison and they act as bait to other fish, staying between the Physalias tentacles. [itsnature.org]

  […] dangerous to eat, from cholera, paralytic shellfish poisoning, red tide, parasites, and ciguatera Pests that harm swimmers, such as various algae, bacteria, and parasites Toxic mucus-secreting species, such as sponges, fishes, and marine toads Fish beak [books.google.com]

  It typically feeds on small adult fish and fish fry (young fish), and sometimes zooplankton, shrimp and other small crustaceans. [gbif.org]

  The fish Nomeus gronovii, about 8 cm long, lives among the tentacles of Physalia and is almost immune to the poison from the stinging cells. Nomeus feeds on the tentacles, which are constantly regenerated; sometimes the fish is eaten by Physalia. [britannica.com]

  In The Sea Jelly Fish Tanks Ocean Life Forward A jellyfish in the Red Sea - for reference for Lost Ocean colouring by Manfred Bortoli Ocean At Night In The Ocean Under The Sea Big Fish Marine Aquarium Fish Jellyfish Aquarium Fish Aquariums Ocean Life [pinterest.com.au]

• Swelling

  Seek a doctor's advice if the vision blurs, the eye continues to tear, hurt, swell or becomes light sensitive. [sites.google.com]

  It can cause irritation of the mouth and digestive system, and on rare occasions the swelling of the mouth and throat may be severe enough to affect breathing. -- (Arum maculatum) All parts of the plant is poisonous, and if ingested, someone could experience [quizlet.com]

  Local envenoming causes pain, erythema, and swelling. [academic.oup.com]

  […] pain Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms Numbness and weakness Pain in the arms or legs Raised red spot where stung Runny nose and watery eyes Swallowing difficulty Sweating Sea wasp: Breathing difficulty Nausea and vomiting Severe pain and swelling [dxline.info]

  Usually symptoms include a burning sensation, redness and welts, and swelling of the lymph nodes. [seasiderentalsonline.com]

• Fever

  Covers emerging hot topics such as Ebola virus disease, viral hemorrhagic fevers, the role of point-of-care testing in travel medicine, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in returning travelers and students traveling abroad. [books.google.com]

  The sting of Physalia is very painful to humans and can cause serious effects, including fever, shock, and interference with heart and lung action. [britannica.com]

  ：LAWSON (L: 77088) / FEVER (2.7 on sale) LIVE：THE GIRL / TADZIO / THE EGLLE / GAGAKIRAISE / 杏窪彌 DJ：SUMIRE (TWEE GRRRLS CLUB) / 長州ちから（十代暴動社） 《FEVER》 http://www.fever-popo.com/ 『リサイタリズム』 DATE：2012/02/21 (tue) ＠代官山 晴れたら空に豆まいて OPEN 18:30 / START 19:00 ADV [p-vine.jp]

  The Sting Though rarely deadly, a Bluebottle sting can be dangerous to children, elderly people, asthmatics and people with allergies as it can cause fever, shock and respiratory distress. [sites.google.com]

  They may include generalized malaise, vomiting, fever, elevated heart rate at rest (tachycardia), shortness of breath and muscular cramps in the abdomen and back. [diversalertnetwork.org]

• Severe Pain

  Sea wasp: Breathing difficulty Nausea and vomiting Severe pain and swelling Slow heart beat Skin tissue death Lion's mane: Breathing difficulty Muscle cramps Skin burning and blistering (severe) Sea nettle Mild skin rash (with mild stings) Muscle cramps [dxline.info]

  Portuguese man of war sting causes severe pain, skin lacerations, convulsions, respiratory distress and in some cases death. The sting stays potent even after death, and the tentacles should not be touched. [gostra.com]

  For humans, most stings cause red welts accompanied by swelling and moderate to severe pain. These local symptoms last for two to three days. Systemic symptoms are less frequent, but potentially severe. [diversalertnetwork.org]

  For severe pain, try applying heat or cold, whichever feels better to the victim. 3. Few Portuguese man-of-war stings in Hawai`i cause life-threatening reactions, but this is always a possibility. [loststory.net]

  It is said that the pain can be so severe that it may result in shock leading to drowning or heart failure on its own. [planetdeadly.com]

• Dyspnea

  Armoni M, Ohali M, Hay E (2003) Severe dyspnea due to jellyfish envenomation. Pediatr Emerg Care 19: 84-86. Freudenthal AR, Joseph PR (1993) Sea bather's eruption. The New Eng J Med 329: 542-544. [omicsonline.org]

• Nausea

  More sensitive individuals may experience nausea and vomiting. A serious danger is cramps, which may lead to drowning if the water is deep. [poisonousnature.biodiversityexhibition.com]

  The clinical picture is characterised by nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and rigors. Spontaneous recovery usually occurs within 3 days, irrespective of medical treatment. [academic.sun.ac.za]

  Abdominal pain Changes in pulse Chest pain Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms Numbness and weakness Pain in the arms or legs Raised red spot where stung Runny nose and watery eyes Swallowing difficulty Sweating Sea wasp: Breathing difficulty Nausea [dxline.info]

  With extensive or repeated exposures systemic reactions can take place, such as; nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness (vertigo), muscle weakness and irregular heart rate (arrhythmias) may occur. [seasiderentalsonline.com]

  This is followed by red welts and inflammation together with nausea and dizziness. People who are hypersensitive may experience low blood pressure, breathing difficulties and develop an allergic reaction. [dailymirror.lk]

• Vomiting

  More sensitive individuals may experience nausea and vomiting. A serious danger is cramps, which may lead to drowning if the water is deep. [poisonousnature.biodiversityexhibition.com]

  -- (Toxicodendron Radicans) Aconitum species are highly toxic cardiotoxins and neurotoxins. nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. [quizlet.com]

  Other clinical features, in order of frequency, include: palpitations, throbbing headache, abdominal cramps, with occasional vomiting. [academic.sun.ac.za]

  Extension of local effects, but the entire bitten extremity is not involved; systemic signs (e.g., nausea, vomiting, metallic taste); some laboratory abnormalities (e.g., thrombocytopenia, prolonged INR, elevated CPK level). [aafp.org]

  Changes in pulse Chest pain Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms Numbness and weakness Pain in the arms or legs Raised red spot where stung Runny nose and watery eyes Swallowing difficulty Sweating Sea wasp: Breathing difficulty Nausea and vomiting [dxline.info]

• Abdominal Pain

  Seek medical attention right away for any breathing difficulties, chest or abdominal pains, or profuse sweating. [account.allinahealth.org]

  WASP OR BOX JELLYFISH Severe burning pain and sting site blistering Raised red spot where stung Skin tissue death Breathing difficulty Sweating Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Changes in pulse Chest pain Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms [medlineplus.gov]

  Symptoms Portuguese man-of-war: Abdominal pain Changes in pulse Chest pain Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms Numbness and weakness Pain in the arms or legs Raised red spot where stung Runny nose and watery eyes Swallowing difficulty Sweating [dxline.info]

  […] mimicking angina), abdominal pain (mimicking acute abdomen), or head/neck pain (contorted facies latrodectisma) Hypertension Nausea Muscle spasms Untreated bites may result in leg pain and can be associated with profuse lower limb sweating (even with [aafp.org]

  […] cause irritation of the mouth and digestive system, and on rare occasions the swelling of the mouth and throat may be severe enough to affect breathing. -- (Arum maculatum) All parts of the plant is poisonous, and if ingested, someone could experience abdominal [quizlet.com]

• Abdominal Cramps

  Other clinical features, in order of frequency, include: palpitations, throbbing headache, abdominal cramps, with occasional vomiting. [academic.sun.ac.za]

• Dysphagia

  Headache, dizziness, a floating or gliding sensation, nystagmus, vertigo, visual disturbances, dysphagia and dysarthria are also commonly experienced. [academic.sun.ac.za]

• Chest Pain

  Seek medical attention right away for any breathing difficulties, chest or abdominal pains, or profuse sweating. [account.allinahealth.org]

  WASP OR BOX JELLYFISH Severe burning pain and sting site blistering Raised red spot where stung Skin tissue death Breathing difficulty Sweating Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Changes in pulse Chest pain Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms [medlineplus.gov]

  Symptoms Portuguese man-of-war: Abdominal pain Changes in pulse Chest pain Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms Numbness and weakness Pain in the arms or legs Raised red spot where stung Runny nose and watery eyes Swallowing difficulty Sweating [dxline.info]

  Other symptoms like, excessive tearing, runny nose and painful breathing (pleuritic chest pain) In rare cases, a jellyfish sting may induce anaphylactic shock and require hospitalization Treatment of Skin injuries from Jellyfish First remove any adherent [seasiderentalsonline.com]

  […] may develop within minutes or up to 10 hours later Pain may become severe, with or without local sweating, erythema, central blanching, or petechiaec Pain may extend proximally (for bites on extremities) or become regional, presenting as chest pain [aafp.org]

• Muscle Cramp

  Sea wasp: Breathing difficulty Nausea and vomiting Severe pain and swelling Slow heart beat Skin tissue death Lion's mane: Breathing difficulty Muscle cramps Skin burning and blistering (severe) Sea nettle Mild skin rash (with mild stings) Muscle cramps [dxline.info]

  Chills Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms Numbness and weakness Pain in the arms or legs Raised red spot where stung Runny nose and watery eyes Swallowing difficulty Sweating SEA NETTLE Mild skin rash (with mild stings) Muscle cramps and [account.allinahealth.org]

  Symptoms of stings from different types of jellyfish are: LION'S MANE Breathing difficulty Muscle cramps Skin burning and blistering (severe) PORTUGUESE MAN-OF-WAR Abdominal pain Changes in pulse Chest pain Chills Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle [medlineplus.gov]

  Some victims also suffer systemic manifestations including weakness, headache, nausea & vomiting, muscle cramps & pain, lacrimation & nasal discharge, increased perspiration, tachycardia, diarrhea, convulsions and breathing problems. [staff.um.edu.mt]

  It has 16 long tentacles that can cause pain, burning, nausea and muscle cramps. They are not very common in Majorca, but if seen do not touch! [holidays-majorca.co.uk]

• Myalgia

  Symptoms (duration 2-3 days) Local burning pain Paresthesia s Systemic symptoms occur in severe Envenomation Nausea or Vomiting Headache Myalgias Ataxia or Dizziness VI. [fpnotebook.com]

• Dermatitis

  Sus afectaciones varían de leves a moderadas, registrándose desde parestesias y ardor con dermatitis, prurito, edemas y eritemas. [pesquisa.bvsalud.org]

  Associated conditions Seabather's Eruption Pruritic dermatitis related to Cnidaria larvae VIII. [fpnotebook.com]

  Porifera Sponges (Porifera) very commonly produce a contact dermatitis persisting for several weeks. Systemic toxic effects have not been reported locally. Treatment is symptomatic. [academic.sun.ac.za]

  The sting of the man o' war The sting causes severe dermatitis, very painful, but is almost never deadly. don't use vinegar, it will worsen the problem. [waterwereld.nu]

  The sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni (night or wasp-sea anemone) located in the Western Pacific Ocean is reported to cause fulminant dermatitis and acute renal failure in humans Corals are important components of living reefs. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Erythema

  Its affectations vary from mild to moderate, registering from paresthesias and burning with dermatitis, itching, edemas, and erythema. [pesquisa.bvsalud.org]

  […] and generalized paralysis are rare Untreated major systemic envenomation can cause serious symptoms over two to five days, and up to weeks Arizona bark scorpion: Burning pain (often severe) lasting minutes to days Pruritus, hyperesthesia, and faint erythema [aafp.org]

  […] filament that is triggered when the cell is touched.3 The jellyfish is responsible for the the greatest and most serious number of accidents of this type in Brazil, specially in the summmer.4 The attack by Physalia physalis can lead to toxic damages (erythema [scielo.br]

  Signs Local dermatitis Local erythema and edema Linear Papule s Wheal s Lesions resolve within hours Some lesions may necrose and Blister Severe systemic symptoms may occur Onset 5 minutes to hours after sting Observe for symptom rebound 6-8 hours after [fpnotebook.com]

  RESULTS: Most victims were children, and clinical manifestations included intense pain, edema, erythema, and rare systemic manifestations... [read.qxmd.com]

• Flushing

  Flush the area with seawater. Once the tentacles and any remnants have been removed, using a high-volume syringe flush the area with a powerful stream of seawater to remove any remaining unfired nematocysts. [diversalertnetwork.org]

  Most patients experience a hot, blotchy flushing of the skin, resembling an ethanol flush or severe sunburn, with well demarcated borders, especially of the face, neck and upper chest. Pruritus is an infrequent feature. [academic.sun.ac.za]

  Flushing the affected area with sea water helps remove any adherent tentacles in the wound area. [gbif.org]

  Systemic signs and symptoms (e.g., flushing, tachycardia, abdominal colic, or diarrhea) develop within a few minutes after a sting. If left untreated, this can progress into hypotension, coma, and death [ 35 ]. Clinical management. [academic.oup.com]

  ／flush deck vessel with forecastle and poop: 船首尾楼付平甲板船 [参考]flush deck vessel with forecastle: 船首楼付平甲板船. ／long poop: n.長船尾楼[船尾楼が船の中央方向に延されて船橋楼と連結された船楼]. ／long poop deck: n.長船尾楼甲板(ちょうせんびろうこうはん). ／pooped: adj.船尾楼をもつ;　[波が]船尾に崩れかかる、船尾にかぶさる. [oceandictionary.jp]

• Pruritus

  Pruritus is an infrequent feature. Gastrointestinal symptoms and signs, such as diarrhoea, are also prominent. A diarrhoea, often watery, usually appears within 6 hours. [academic.sun.ac.za]

  […] upper extremities) Pulmonary edema and generalized paralysis are rare Untreated major systemic envenomation can cause serious symptoms over two to five days, and up to weeks Arizona bark scorpion: Burning pain (often severe) lasting minutes to days Pruritus [aafp.org]

  Regression and constancy of the blisters and pruritus may take as long as 10 days; although, mild hyperchromia and slight roughness in skin pattern may still be noticed for as long as eight months after the sting. [omicsonline.org]

• Urticaria

  The lesions can last for minutes to hours, and the rash may progress to urticaria, hemorrhage, or ulceration. Recurrent episodes of urticaria may last four to six weeks at the site of envenomation. [loststory.net]

  Brazil, specially in the summmer.4 The attack by Physalia physalis can lead to toxic damages (erythema, edema, necrosis, direct action to the myocardium, nervous tissue, hepatic and renal) and allergic damages (early and late), including anaphylaxis, urticaria [scielo.br]

• Suggestibility

  We also propose a framework for homologizing the axes with other siphonophores, and also suggest that the tentacle bearing zooids should be called tentacular palpons. [nature.com]

  They suggest that treatment of these stings should pursue two distinct goals: 1) preventing venom-induced pain and tissue damage, and 2) preventing further activation of nematocysts. [thepoisonreview.com]

  The results suggest that national multidisciplinary summer surveillance program in the Aquitaine coast is required in order to provide alerts to the public, to better identify patients at risk for developing severe clinical symptoms, and hopefully to [tandfonline.com]

  It is suggested that carbon monoxide secretion serves to inflate the float of Physalia and that carbon monoxide is later slowly replaced by air through diffusion and exchange. Copyright © 1960 The Company of Biologists Ltd. [jeb.biologists.org]

  Furthermore, remote protein homology predictions for CfTX-2 and CaTX-A suggest weak structural similarities to pore-forming insecticidal δ-endotoxins Cry1Aa, Cry3Bb and Cry3A. ...read moreread less TL;DR: Laboratory tests indicate that methylated spirits [typeset.io]

• Irritability

  90 North American and Asian flowering plant that is well known for causing an itching, irritating, and sometimes painful rash in most people who touch it, caused by urushiol, a clear liquid compound in the sap of the plant. -- (Toxicodendron Radicans) [quizlet.com]

  Some species are unique in that they produce a toxic aerosol that is irritating to human mucous membranes. [academic.sun.ac.za]

  Fecal transplant is used to treat gut infections and is now being studied as a treatment for obesity, urinary tract infections, irritable bowel syndrome and more. [nytimes.com]

  - petrol Applying petrol the bite area might help neutralizing the toxins, yet its use on the human body is not advised, since it contains substances that could aggravate the irritation on a sensitive skin. - aloe gel It works well on most burns, bites [sites.google.com]

  The wrap of these tentacles results in linear stripes, which look like whiplashes, caused not by the force of their swing but from deposition of urticariogenic and irritant substances. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M.; Odom, Richard [eol.org]

• Headache

  […] difficulty (from a lot of contact) SEA WASP OR BOX JELLYFISH Severe burning pain and sting site blistering Raised red spot where stung Skin tissue death Breathing difficulty Sweating Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Changes in pulse Chest pain Collapse Headache [account.allinahealth.org]

  Symptoms of stings from different types of jellyfish are: LION'S MANE Breathing difficulty Muscle cramps Skin burning and blistering (severe) PORTUGUESE MAN-OF-WAR Abdominal pain Changes in pulse Chest pain Chills Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle [medlineplus.gov]

  Symptoms Portuguese man-of-war: Abdominal pain Changes in pulse Chest pain Collapse Headache Muscle pain and muscle spasms Numbness and weakness Pain in the arms or legs Raised red spot where stung Runny nose and watery eyes Swallowing difficulty Sweating [dxline.info]

  With extensive or repeated exposures systemic reactions can take place, such as; nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness (vertigo), muscle weakness and irregular heart rate (arrhythmias) may occur. [seasiderentalsonline.com]

  Some victims also suffer systemic manifestations including weakness, headache, nausea & vomiting, muscle cramps & pain, lacrimation & nasal discharge, increased perspiration, tachycardia, diarrhea, convulsions and breathing problems. [staff.um.edu.mt]

• Polyps

  The gonozooids are the polyps that reproduce. [3] Reproduction The Portuguese man-o-war is a colony of polyps and medusa that are specialized for different functions. [creationwiki.org]

  The gas can escape through valves.The gas is almost only nitrogen, delivered by the other polyps. The pneumatofore can stay alive for a ong time, without the help of the other polyps. [waterwereld.nu]

  The Physalia is in fact a colony of hundreds of polyps These medusas attack any fish they come across. A number of polyps paralyzes the fish with the venom and then use their tentacles to move the fish to those polyps under the cyst. [itsnature.org]

  Generally polyps bud off or are formed sexually from medusae. Most medusae are mobile and the polyps tend to be sessile. Cnidaria body The main parts of the polyp and medusa body are shown in the drawing below. The epidermis is the outer layer. [bumblebee.org]

  In some species, this extends upwards to also enclose part of the polyps, in some cases including a closeable lid through which the polyp may extend its tentacles. [2] In any given colony, the majority of polyps are specialized for feeding. [en.wikipedia.org]

Get clear, concise descriptions and evidence-based treatment guidelines for a full range of clinical conditions, ranging from the common to the unusual. [books.google.de]

Treatment of emerging disease issues including zoonoses, H1N1 virus, harmful algae blooms, and animal-related pesticides UNIQUE! [books.google.com]

They conclude:. .. current treatments for jellyfish envenomations demonstrate variable response, with conflicting results between studies and species. A treatment beneficial for one species may in fact worsen an envenomation from another. [thepoisonreview.com]

Treatment of Drug Addicts with Withdrawal Syndrome 6.13.4. Detoxification Treatment 6.13.5. Conclusions and Key Points 6.14. Addictive Behavior Unit Module 7. Toxicology and Pharmacology 7.1. [techtitute.com]

Antivenom is the key treatment, but it cannot treat all problems effectively. [aafp.org]

The patient may receive: Antivenin (for sea wasp stings) Breathing assistance Fluids through a vein (by IV) Outlook (Prognosis) Portuguese man-of-war and sea nettle stings are rarely deadly. Sea wasp stings can be deadly in minutes. [dxline.info]

Outlook (Prognosis) Most jellyfish stings improve within hours, but some stings can lead to skin irritation or rashes that last for weeks. Contact your provider if you continue to have itching at the sting site. [account.allinahealth.org]

Prognosis 13.2.4.3. New Syndromes 13.2.4.3.1. Proximal Syndrome 13.2.4.3.2. Erythromelalgia or Achromelalgia 13.2.4.3.3. Rhabdomyolysis 13.2.4.3.4. Hemorrhagic Syndrome (or Szechwan's Syndrome) 13.2.4.3.5. Neurotoxic Poisoning 13.2.4.3.6. [techtitute.com]

Etiology of Psychomotor Agitation: Toxicology-Related Causes 3.5.3.2. Protective Measures for Healthcare Personnel 3.5.3.3. Verbal, Mechanical and Pharmacological Restraint Measures 3.5.4. Conclusions and Key Points Module 4. [techtitute.com]

The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology. Ann Emerg Med. 2002:39(5):544–546. 21. Diaz JH, Leblanc KE. Common spider bites. Am Fam Physician. 2007:75(6):869–873. 22. Norris R. [aafp.org]

[…] design and statistical analysis of toxicological investigations The book is conveniently divided into four sections covering general medical toxicology, environmental toxicology, industrial and occupational toxicology, and epidemiology and statistics [books.google.com]

Cannabinoids, CRA13, JWH-015, JWH-081 and JWH-210 – Detected in a Case Series Westerbergh J Effects of BQ-788, an Endothelin B Receptor Antagonist, on Amitriptyline-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity in Rats Arici Mualla aylin Clinical Toxicology in Croatia Epidemiology [eapcct.org]

Epidemiology of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Known and a Hidden Epidemiology 8.4.4. Sources of Carbon Monoxide Exposure and Medical and Legal Causes of Poisoning 8.4.5. Pathophysiology of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 8.4.6. [techtitute.com]

In Argentina, three species of medusae are known with clinical epidemiological importance due to their stinging power the hydromedusae Liriopetetraphylla and Olindias sambaquiensis, as well as the scypho- medusae Chrysaora lactea. [pesquisa.bvsalud.org]

October 29, 2019: Scientific Reports #3 Denise Maria Ramalho Ferreira Bastos, Vidal Haddad, Jorge Luiz Silva Nunes INTRODUCTION: The clinical and epidemiological aspects associated with Portuguese man-of-war envenomation were investigated and characterized [read.qxmd.com]

Toxicokinetics and Pathophysiology 8.3.2.3. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis 8.3.2.4. Treatment 8.3.3. Fluorine Derivative Poisoning 8.3.3.1. Sources of Exposure 8.3.3.2. Pathophysiology 8.3.3.3. Clinical Manifestations 8.3.3.4. [techtitute.com]

Pathophysiology Nematocysts on tentacles responsible for stinging Nematocysts may sting even if tentacle detached V. [fpnotebook.com]

Cubozoan envenomations: clinical features, pathophysiology and management. In: Goffredo S, Dubinsky EZ, eds. The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future: The World of Medusa and Her Sisters. Switzerland. Springer; 2016:637-652. Updated by: Jacob L. [medlineplus.gov]

(The pathophysiology of sting induced urticaria is that it occurs following release of histamine, bradykinin, kallikrein or acetylcholine resulting in intradermal edema from capillary and venous vasodilation and occasional leukocyte infiltration.) [loststory.net]

Lyon AR, Rees PS, Prasad S, Poole-Wilson PA, Harding SE (2008) Stress (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy--a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 5: 22-29. [omicsonline.org]

Occupational health guidelines for preventive care of animal workers including veterinary personnel, farmers, pet store employees, and zoo workers. [books.google.com]

They suggest that treatment of these stings should pursue two distinct goals: 1) preventing venom-induced pain and tissue damage, and 2) preventing further activation of nematocysts. [thepoisonreview.com]

Prevention and first aid. Careful observation of the bottom of shallow waters, swimming (instead of wading), and avoiding free-swimming venomous fish are the most important preventive measures. [academic.oup.com]