The clinical picture of PCG features gingival erythema and edema, which may expand to the mucogingival junction [1] [2] and even to the palate. The involved regions are the anterior maxillary and mandibular segments. The gums may be friable and hence prone to bleeding during chewing, brushing teeth or flossing.

Although rare, PCG may be accompanied by cheilitis [3], which is characterized by lip swelling, dryness, atrophy, and the formation of fissures. PCG may also be associated with glossitis, which is marked by tongue enlargement and erythema as well as the development of furrows and crenations.

Patients report mouth soreness and burning, which is exacerbated by consumption or usage of certain products. While the etiology has not been determined [3], it is strongly suggested that this condition arises from a hypersensitive reaction to allergens such as certain toothpaste ingredients, chewing gum, khat, cinnamon, or other spices [4] [5].

Complications

There is a case report describing a young adult with PCG who developed gingival enlargement and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) [6]. However, it was unclear whether PCG or GAP occurred first.

Oral exam

Notable findings include red colored marginal and attached gingiva with swelling and diffuse enlargement [3]. There may be granule-like formations as well. If cheilitis is present, then the lip(s) will be dry, swollen, and fissured.

• Hyperthermia

  The following effects have been reported after the use of khat: euphoria, anorexia, insomnia (lack of fatigue), hyperactivity, excitation, hyperthermia, increased respiration, mydriasis, arrhythmias, hypertension, and constipation. 1, 2, 3 The first of [nature.com]

• Lip Swelling

  Although rare, PCG may be accompanied by cheilitis, which is characterized by lip swelling, dryness, atrophy, and the formation of fissures. [symptoma.com]

  Initially it presents as a sudden diffuse or nodular swelling in the lips. Swelling may involve lower lip, upper lip, cheek, or periorbital area. [idoj.in]

  Plasma cell gingivitis [1] [2] is a rare condition, [3] appearing as generalized erythema (redness) and edema (swelling) of the attached gingiva, occasionally accompanied by cheilitis (lip swelling) or glossitis (tongue swelling). [4] It is called plasma [en.wikipedia.org]

• Sore Mouth

  […] are therefore found by the dentist. [2] The gums are red, friable, or sometimes granular, and sometimes bleed easily if traumatised. [6] The normal stippling is lost. [7] There is not usually any loss of periodontal attachment. [6] In a few cases a sore [en.wikipedia.org]

• Macroglossia

  […] wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia [en.wikipedia.org]

• Nikolsky's Sign

  A negative Nikolsky’s sign ruled out pemphigus, other cutaneous diseases like pemphigoid, lichen planus and discoid lupus erythematosus. [casereports.in]

  Nikolsky's sign was negative. A provisional diagnosis of desquamative gingivitis secondary to lichen planus was given. In addition, a differential diagnosisof atypical gingivitis and leukemia-associated gingivitis were considered. [jiaomr.in]

• Mydriasis

  The following effects have been reported after the use of khat: euphoria, anorexia, insomnia (lack of fatigue), hyperactivity, excitation, hyperthermia, increased respiration, mydriasis, arrhythmias, hypertension, and constipation. 1, 2, 3 The first of [nature.com]

• Excitement

  The following effects have been reported after the use of khat: euphoria, anorexia, insomnia (lack of fatigue), hyperactivity, excitation, hyperthermia, increased respiration, mydriasis, arrhythmias, hypertension, and constipation. 1, 2, 3 The first of [nature.com]

During the clinical assessment of an individual with the above manifestations, the clinician should obtain a family history and a list of known allergens. Additionally, a detailed medical history is necessary to rule out differential diagnoses, which include leukemia, myeloma, HIV infection, and connective tissue diseases such as discoid lupus erythematosus, pemphigoid, and lichen planus [7] [8]. Furthermore, other diseases that should be excluded are tuberculosis, Crohn disease, and Wegener granulomatosis. The clinician must also determine whether the patient is using antiseizure medications that cause gingival hyperplasia, which includes phenytoin and phenobarbital [9] [10].

Another critical component of the evaluation is a thorough oral exam of the gums, teeth, mouth, tongue and lips. Additionally, a physical exam including inspection of the skin is important.

The workup consists of a complete blood count (CBC), a complete biochemistry panel (CMP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), thyroid function tests, HIV screening, acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear, and peripheral blood smear [6]. Serology is done if needed. Biopsy of the affected tissue is also useful, especially if the condition is refractory to therapy. Allergen tests should be considered as well.

Histopathology

When a biopsy is taken, the histopathological analysis reveals the presence of diffuse plasma cell infiltration of the connective tissue. This finding confirms the diagnosis.

[…] includes a brief description of each individual lesion or pathologic condition and the kind of pathologic process that it represents, followed by a discussion of its clinical and/or radiographic presentation, histopathologic features, and its treatment and prognosis [books.google.com]

Plasma cell granuloma is a rare benign lesion but its exact etiology, behavior and prognosis is still controversial. [jicdro.org]

Its etiology, biological behavior, ideal treatment and prognosis are still unclear and rather controversial. [link.springer.com]

Prognosis Partly due to the lack of understanding of this condition, feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis complex is frustrating to treat. Many patients fail to respond to treatment, even after full mouth extraction. [en.wikivet.net]

The line of treatment was extraction of the lower anteriors, as it had a poor periodontal prognosis. The patient was recalled for phase I therapy. In the next visit, the swelling was surgically excised and sent for biopsy. [jcdr.net]

While the etiology has not been determined, it is strongly suggested that this condition arises from a hypersensitive reaction to allergens such as certain toothpaste ingredients, chewing gum, khat, cinnamon, or other spices. [symptoma.com]

The occurrence of plasma-cell gingivitis in a patient with documented psoriasis provides some interesting speculation regarding the etiologic picture of this condition. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Though considered as a hypersensitive reaction to an allergen, the etiology of this bizarre condition is still not properly understood. [unboundmedicine.com]

Ionizing radiation and cancer risk: evidence from epidemiology. Radiat Res 1998; 150: s30–41. 4. Picascia DD, Robinson JK. Actinic cheilitis: a review of the etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 17: 255–264. 5. [medicaljournals.se]

[…] namely, allergic, neoplastic and of unknown cause. [3] Treatment [ edit ] Preventing exposure to the causative antigen leads to resolution of the condition. [6] Tacrolimus or clobetasol propionate have also been used to treat plasma cell cheilitis. [5] Epidemiology [en.wikipedia.org]

Epidemiology Frequency United States Frequency is difficult to determine because of the lack of agreement on measurement criteria. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Rosaria Gesuita (Center of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Medical Information Technology, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy) for her valuable assistance in the statistical analysis of the data. [journals.plos.org]

Pathophysiology The most common type of gingivitis involves the marginal gingiva and is brought on by the accumulation of microbial plaques in persons with inadequate oral hygiene. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Advertisement American Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE NOW [scopemed.org]

Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Azamghar Dental College, Azamghar, Uttar Pradesh, India 4 Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences [mjdrdypu.org]

Q: Can I prevent a hypersensitivity reaction from occurring? A: Maybe. The best way to prevent a hypersensitivity reaction is to avoid any agent that provokes it. [maaom.memberclicks.net]

J Indian Soc Pedod Prevent Dent - Supplement 2008. 39. Diagnosis 40. [slideshare.net]

Primary prevention of periodontitis: managing gingivitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2015. 42 (Suppl. 16):S71–S76. [Full Text]. Lorenz K, Bruhn G, Heumann C, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

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2. Gargiulo AV, Ladone JA, Ladone PA, Toto PD. Case report: Plasma cell gingivitis A. CDS Rev. 1995; 88(3):22–3.
3. Janam P, Nayar BR, Mohan R, Suchitra A. Plasma cell gingivitis associated with cheilitis open link: A diagnostic dilemma! J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012; 16(1):115-9.
4. Marker P, Krogdahl A. Plasma cell gingivitis apparently related to the use of khat: Report of a case. Br Dent J. 2002; 192(6):311–313.
5. Al-Meshal IA. Effect of (alpha) chationone, an active principle of Catha edulis Forssk (khat) on plasma amino acid levels and other biochemical parameters in male wistar rats. Phytother Res. 1988; 2(2):63–66.
6. Saluja TS, Satoskar S, Bandodkar S, Antao CJ. Plasma cell gingivitis with aggressive periodontitis: A rare presentation of an uncommon condition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016; 2(2):94-97.
7. Hedin CA, Karpe B, Larsson A. Plasma-cell gingivitis in children and adults. A clinical and histological description. Swed Dent J. 1994;18(4):117-24.
8. Lamey PJ, Lewis MA, Rees TD, et al. Br Dent J. 1990; 168(3):115-8.
9. Hassell T, O'Donnell J, Pearlman J, et al. Phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth in institutionalized epileptics. J Clin Periodontol. 1984;11(4):242–53.
10. Cornacchio AL, Burneo JG, Aragon CE. The effects of antiepileptic drugs on oral health. J Can Dent Assoc. 2011; 77:b140.