Presentation
Presenting skin disorders in black Afro-Caribbean patients: a multicentre study conducted in the Paris region. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2008;135:177–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 122. El-Essawi D, Musial JL, Hammand A, et al. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Entire Body System
- Recurrent Inflammation
In addition, PIH can worsen with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or with persistent or recurrent inflammation.16 Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in Fitzpatrick skin type IV (A) versus VI (B). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Skin
- Hirsutism
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after light electrodessication for dermatosis papulosa nigra Acne-induced PIH in a patient with Fitzpatrick skin type V African-American female with hirsutism and pseudofolliculitis barbae with PIH Pathogenesis PIH results [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Psychiatrical
- Suggestibility
Of interest, in a study conducted in Singapore,4 the authors note that PIH tended to also be more prevalent among Asians with darker skin, such as Malays and Indians, than those with lighter skin, such as the Chinese, suggesting that the degree of pigmentation [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Urogenital
- Incontinence
Pigmentary incontinence in fixed drug eruptions. Histologic and electron microscopic findings. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;8:525–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 15. Lacz NL, Vafaie J, Kihiczac NI, et al. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Workup
Microbiology
- Penicillium
Kojic acid (KA) is a fungal metabolite of certain species of Acetobacter, Aspergillus, and Penicillium.23,52 Its depigmenting ability originates from a potent inhibition of tyrosinase by chelating copper at the active site of the enzyme.34 KA is available [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Treatment
The mainstay of treatment for PIH remains HQ. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Etiology
Therefore, this article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment options for PIH in skin of color. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Epidemiology
Epidemiology Table 1 shows the worldwide prevalence of pigmentary disorders, excluding vitiligo, in various ethnic populations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Prevention
Initiating treatment early for PIH may help hasten its resolution and prevent further darkening. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]