Webinar: Understanding PoTS webinar Presenter Dr. Mark Belham, a consultant cardiologist at the Cambridge Heart clinic, Addenbrookes Hospital. [ehlers-danlos.org]

@article{Adamec2016PosturalOT, title={Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) as presenting symptom of CIDP}, author={Ivan Adamec and Ervina Bili{\'c} and Mila Lovri{\'c} and Mario Habek}, journal={Neurological Sciences}, year={2016}, volume= [semanticscholar.org]

METHODS: We present three cases of POTS in otherwise healthy women, and discuss the clinical management of different types of this orthostatic intolerance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] with neuropathic pain. [2] Heart rate variations commonly is sinus tachycardia, but bradycardia has been known to present, and with continued standing blueness, swelling, and venous distention very commonly present [3]. [physio-pedia.com]

Signs and Symptoms While the diagnostic criteria focus on the abnormal heart rate increase upon standing, POTS usually presents with symptoms much more complex than a simple increase in heart rate. [dysautonomiainternational.org]

• Fatigue

  [46] (Abstract) 2016, Postural orthostatic tachycardia is not a useful diagnostic marker for chronic fatigue syndrome [47] (Abstract) 2018, Managing fatigue in postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS): The Newcastle approach [48] (Abstract) 2018, Postural [me-pedia.org]

  […] not predate fatigue. 3 Although our patient did describe fatigue at presentation, she did not meet the criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Other systemic involvement usually related to chronic fatigue and general malaise, thus the common co-diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. [physio-pedia.com]

  Initial presenting symptoms included: dyspnea with mild exertion, light-headedness, fatigue, “heaviness” in her legs, and the inability to perform normal work duties. [digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu]

  Of the symptoms, patients report fatigue to be the most problematic or troubling symptom associated with POTS. Fatigue is also to blame for many of the complications that come with POTS. [myheart.net]

• Weakness

  The most common symptoms of POTS include light-headedness or dizziness, palpitations, fainting, near-fainting, intermittent muscle weakness (commonly in the legs), and fatigue after moving from lying down to standing. [digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu]

  She began to experience severe fatigue and weakness, which affected her ability to move and exercise. [undiagnosed.hms.harvard.edu]

  Women are most frequently affected, and may present with palpitations, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, weakness, exercise intolerance, lightheadedness, presyncope, and syncope. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] symptoms always include dizziness and light-headedness frank syncope can occur at times, although not a predominant feature other possible associated symptoms include: headache, tunnel vision, fatigue, neurocognitive impairment, exercise intolerance, weakness [gpnotebook.co.uk]

  His initial symptoms were light-headedness, dizziness, weakness, palpitations and blurring of vision, which occurred on standing from a supine position or during physical exertion. [semanticscholar.org]

• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

  The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121 : 953–9 [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 4. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] subset of those with chronic fatigue syndrome ( Reynolds et al 2014 ). [medlink.com]

  Other systemic involvement usually related to chronic fatigue and general malaise, thus the common co-diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. [physio-pedia.com]

  Sign in Published on Feb 3, 2016 Amro Stino, MD, a neurologist at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, explains the diagnosis and treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, which is now often referred to as Postural Tachycardia Syndrome or POTS [youtube.com]

• Unconsciousness

  For the most severely affected, the simple act of standing up can send them crumpling into unconsciousness. Though likely much more common than once thought, POTS remains something of a mystery. Many physicians have never heard of it. [news-medical.net]

  But Romu sensed that her fainting episodes were something bigger than panic attacks, because they often left her unconscious, but when she was able to lie down, her symptoms would improve. [refinery29.com]

  The autonomic nervous system (ANS) The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls automatic (and unconscious) tasks that enable the body to operate properly e.g. To allow you to stand, your body must go through a long and complex set of processes. [healthnavigator.org.nz]

  […] concentration than seawater, and numerous guides advise against its consumption in survival situations. [21] If somebody is dehydrated and is taken to a hospital, IVs are also used. [22] [23] [24] [25] For severe cases of dehydration where fainting, unconsciousness [en.wikipedia.org]

• Malaise

  Other systemic involvement usually related to chronic fatigue and general malaise, thus the common co-diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. [physio-pedia.com]

  They include chronic activity limiting fatigue lasting for 6 months or more with associated cognitive difficulties, pharyngitis, muscle pain, joint pain, headache, sleep disturbance and post-exercise malaise that is unexplained by other illness and did [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  EPO therapy may infrequently result in a “serum sickness” type reaction characterized by nausea, fever, chills, and general malaise. [bjmp.org]

• Dyspnea

  POTS (excessive increase in heart rate [>30 min-1] on standing associated with orthostatic symptoms [including palpitation, chest pain syndrome, dyspnea on standing, mental clouding and difficulties with concentration], in the absence of orthostatic hypotension [clinicaltrials.gov]

  Other associated symptoms include neurocognitive or sleep disorders, exercise intolerance, hyperpnea, dyspnea, nausea, abdominal pain, and sweating. Did this answer your question? Yes No Additional feedback? (Optional) Thank you for your feedback! [medscape.com]

  […] always include dizziness and light-headedness frank syncope can occur at times, although not a predominant feature other possible associated symptoms include: headache, tunnel vision, fatigue, neurocognitive impairment, exercise intolerance, weakness, dyspnea [gpnotebook.co.uk]

  Initial presenting symptoms included: dyspnea with mild exertion, light-headedness, fatigue, “heaviness” in her legs, and the inability to perform normal work duties. [digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu]

  These symptoms include the following: Dyspnea Headache Disorientation Tremulousness Cold extremities Muscle weakness Visual disturbances Chest pain/discomfort Autonomic dysfunction is believed to cause people with POTS to experience a number of gastrointestinal [disabled-world.com]

• Nausea

  Symptoms include dizziness or passing out when rising from a seated position, fatigue, and nausea. POTS can sometimes be treated with the use of medications, but symptoms can also be reduced with diet and exercise. [youtube.com]

  (Image: © Matt Stroshane/Disney Resorts/Getty) When Tori Foles, wife of Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Nick Foles, started having symptoms of dizziness, nausea and fatigue, one doctor told her she might have anxiety or depression. [livescience.com]

  She had a brief hospital admission 10 mo prior to the current presentation and was investigated for the persistent nausea and vomiting. [wjgnet.com]

  Midodrine is usually well tolerated with the most common complaints being nausea, “goose bumps,” and scalp pruritus. [bjmp.org]

  Date of Report Sep 01, 2017 Description When the participant was 9 years old, she started having episodes of muscle weakness, pain (myalgia), nausea, and dizziness. [undiagnosed.hms.harvard.edu]

• Diarrhea

  […] pain Insomnia and frequent awakenings from sleep, chest pain and racing heart rate during sleep, excessive sweating Shakiness/tremors especially with adrenaline surges Discoloration of feet and hands Exercise intolerance Excessive or lack of sweating Diarrhea [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  […] sodium excess. [9] Diagnosis [ edit ] Definition [ edit ] Dehydration occurs when water intake is not enough to replace free water lost due to normal physiologic processes, including breathing, urination, and perspiration, or other causes, including diarrhea [en.wikipedia.org]

  Patients further present with non-orthostatic symptoms such as nausea & vomiting, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, bladder symptoms, hyperhidrosis, and loss of sweating as well. [physio-pedia.com]

  These circulatory problems lead to symptoms that can include lightheadedness, dizziness or fainting; heart palpitations; headaches; blurred vision; gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, bloating, constipation and diarrhea ; shortness of breath; [livescience.com]

• Vomiting

  If a sufferer is unable to keep fluids down from nausea or vomiting, they may need intravenous fluid. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Patients further present with non-orthostatic symptoms such as nausea & vomiting, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, bladder symptoms, hyperhidrosis, and loss of sweating as well. [physio-pedia.com]

  She had a brief hospital admission 10 mo prior to the current presentation and was investigated for the persistent nausea and vomiting. [wjgnet.com]

  But a racing heart, dizziness and foggy brain are only three of many symptoms of POTS, which can include any or all of the following: fainting, extreme fatigue, headaches, stomach pains, nausea and vomiting, difficulty concentrating, weakness in the legs [nytimes.com]

• Tachycardia

  = "Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a condition characterized by orthostatic tachycardia and associated intolerance. [mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com]

  Historical note and terminology Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an often disabling syndrome of symptomatic orthostatic tachycardia in the absence of orthostatic hypotension. [medlink.com]

  Shortly afterward, she developed spells of tachycardia. Her episodes of tachycardia were primarily associated with upright posture. [ahajournals.org]

  It explains what postural tachycardia syndrome is and gives tips on how you can feel better. [ehlers-danlos.org]

  Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome ( POTS, or postural tachycardia syndrome) is a condition in which a change from the supine position (lying horizontally) to an upright position causes an abnormally large increase in heart rate, called tachycardia [me-pedia.org]

• Palpitations

  Women are most frequently affected, and may present with palpitations, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, weakness, exercise intolerance, lightheadedness, presyncope, and syncope. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Explore these free sample topics: -- The first section of this topic is shown below -- Basics Description Clinical condition characterized by development of symptoms upon standing (e.g., postural light-headedness, weakness, and palpitations), associated [unboundmedicine.com]

  His initial symptoms were light-headedness, dizziness, weakness, palpitations and blurring of vision, which occurred on standing from a supine position or during physical exertion. [semanticscholar.org]

  POTS (excessive increase in heart rate [>30 min-1] on standing associated with orthostatic symptoms [including palpitation, chest pain syndrome, dyspnea on standing, mental clouding and difficulties with concentration], in the absence of orthostatic hypotension [clinicaltrials.gov]

  Many patients with panic disorder experience palpitations and a decreased HRV [ 21, 27, 40 ], which was more pronounced in patients with more severe symptoms [ 21 ]. [karger.com]

• Chest Pain

  […] nausea Temperature deregulation (hot or cold) Nervous, jittery feeling Forgetfulness and trouble focusing (brain fog) Blurred vision Headaches and body pain/aches (may feel flu-like); neck pain Insomnia and frequent awakenings from sleep, chest pain and [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  POTS (excessive increase in heart rate [>30 min-1] on standing associated with orthostatic symptoms [including palpitation, chest pain syndrome, dyspnea on standing, mental clouding and difficulties with concentration], in the absence of orthostatic hypotension [clinicaltrials.gov]

  It can produce a range of heart symptoms which include dizziness and blackouts, palpitations, breathlessness and chest pain. [londonbridgehospital.com]

  POTS may cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, dizziness, and chest pains when standing up. POTS stands for postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. [medicalnewstoday.com]

  Other symptoms may include frequent headaches, stomach aches, chest pain, joint pain, chronic fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, poor sleep, and gastrointestinal issues. [lynnwebstermd.com]

• Orthostatic Hypotension

  Purpose (a): Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is most prevalent in younger females and shares common symptoms with orthostatic hypotension (OH). [digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu]

  With orthostatic hypotension, there should be at least a 20-point drop in systolic BP by 3 minutes of tilt and typically the heart rate increment is minimal. [acc.org]

  Instantaneous orthostatic hypotension in children and adolescents: a new entity of orthostatic intolerance. Pediatr Res 1999; 46: 691-696 5. Brady PA et al. [gpnotebook.co.uk]

  BACKGROUND: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an autonomic disorder characterized by an exaggerated increase in heart rate that occurs during standing, without orthostatic hypotension. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Mitral Valve Prolapse

  • In addition to the orthostatic tachycardia, physical findings in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome can include a murmur or click of mitral valve prolapse (although significant mitral regurgitation is unusual) and prominent dependent acrocyanosis [medlink.com]

  valve prolapse syndrome postural tachycardia syndrome due to NET deficiency orhtostatic intolerance irritable heart POTS [wikidata.org]

  Commonly Associated Conditions Chronic fatigue syndrome Mitral valve prolapse Mast cell activation abnormalities Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Multiple sclerosis Hypermobility syndrome Fibromyalgia Visceral pain and dysmotility Chronic headaches Anxiety disorders [unboundmedicine.com]

  valve prolapse ) Continued Diagnosis With such different symptoms, POTS can be hard to diagnose. [webmd.com]

  Current thinking is that the occurrence of mitral valve prolapse with POTS is fortuitous. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

• Sweating

  Shakiness/tremors especially with adrenaline surges Discoloration of feet and hands Exercise intolerance Excessive or lack of sweating Diarrhea and/or constipation Cleveland Clinic News & More Cleveland Clinic News & More [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  In most athletes, exercising and sweating for 4–5 hours with a sweat sodium concentration of less than 50 mmol/L, the total sodium lost is less than 10% of total body stores (total stores are approximately 2,500 mmol, or 58 g for a 70-kg person). [16] [en.wikipedia.org]

  Symptoms include fast heart rate coupled with low blood pressure, digestive and bladder problems, and temperature and sweating dysregulation. [ehlers-danlos.org]

  Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) to measure response of the autonomic nerves responsible for regulating sweating. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

  She was also found to have difficulty walking (scissor gait, gait disturbance, gait ataxia), GI issues (gastrointestinal dysmotility), cold and heat intolerance, excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), and exercise intolerance. [undiagnosed.hms.harvard.edu]

• Flushing

  […] after a severe flushing spell. [ahajournals.org]

  Case presentation Case A 43-year-old Caucasian femaleF experienced MCAS symptoms at age 18: specific foods and odours caused flushing, rashes, itching, wheezing, dizziness and nausea. [casereports.bmj.com]

  Flushing can also occur due to the activation of certain chemicals by immune cells in your body. This can result in breathlessness, headache, and feeling lightheaded. This activation can also cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. [healthline.com]

  These symptoms may include: Fear Chills Flushing Overheating Nervousness Over-stimulation Unfortunately, the symptoms related to POTS, 'overlap,' considerably with the ones associated with generalized anxiety disorder. [disabled-world.com]

  This specific subset of POTS is characterized by episodes of flushing, dyspnoea, headache, excessive diuresis and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, accompanied by elevated urine methylhistamine 57. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

• Dizziness

  If there's a sudden and dramatic increase in pulse rate, not enough blood gets to the brain and you get dizzy. So the increase in pulse and dizziness upon standing are key for diagnosis. [mayoclinic.org]

  Lightheadedness, dizziness and/or near syncope after standing are classic symptoms with orthostatic hypotension. These symptoms also occur in patients with POTS. [digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu]

  POTS is a condition which influences the bodies blood flow, resulting in dizziness when standing. [healthnavigator.org.nz]

  It’s important to remember that although dizziness is the trademark symptom, POTS does a lot more than just make someone dizzy. Of the symptoms, patients report fatigue to be the most problematic or troubling symptom associated with POTS. [myheart.net]

  This can make you feel dizzy and light-headed. You might faint. Sitting or lying down helps you feel better. For many people with POTS, fatigue and other symptoms may make it hard to keep up with daily living. [healthlinkbc.ca]

• Headache

  All but 2 patients reported a history of headache, 73% of patients reported a headache onset prior to age 20, and 12% reported headache onset in conjunction with autonomic symptoms. [n.neurology.org]

  Family-oriented approach to therapy may be required. [ Keating, 2016 ] Tags: abdominal pain headach hypotension near syncope orthostatic pre-syncope Syncope Tachycardia Sean M. [pedemmorsels.com]

  It took only a year to find out why he was always tired, his heart raced and he ached all over, why he became overheated easily and had terrible headaches almost every day. [nytimes.com]

• Irritability

  PoTS can affect various parts of the body including the bowels with irritable bowel-type presentations, the bladder with frequency, incontinence and infection, as well as causing migraines and disturbed sleep patterns, amongst others. [londonbridgehospital.com]

  […] familial orthostatic tachycardia due to norepinephrine transporter deficiency neurocirculatory asthenia orthostatic intolerance due to NET deficiency mitral valve prolapse syndrome postural tachycardia syndrome due to NET deficiency orhtostatic intolerance irritable [wikidata.org]

  The syndrome has also been called orthostatic tachycardia, orthostatic intolerance, idiopathic orthostatic intolerance and postural tachycardia, neurocirculatory asthenia, mitral valve prolapse syndrome, irritable heart, and soldier s heart, among others [medlink.com]

• Tremor

  At the same time he noticed tremor in his upper extremities, mostly during activity. Loss of consciousness occurred while walking or… CONTINUE READING [semanticscholar.org]

  Patients report experiencing tremor, anxiety, and cold clammy extremities with upright posture. 7 Many patients note increased urine output when upright. [bjmp.org]

  Also, a person with POTS may suffer extreme fatigue, difficulty concentrating, migraines, anxiety, tremors, nausea, insomnia and fluctuation in body temperature. Many variations in the daily routine can aggravate these symptoms. [luriechildrens.org]

  […] feeling Forgetfulness and trouble focusing (brain fog) Blurred vision Headaches and body pain/aches (may feel flu-like); neck pain Insomnia and frequent awakenings from sleep, chest pain and racing heart rate during sleep, excessive sweating Shakiness/tremors [my.clevelandclinic.org]

  […] thinking (brain fog) Blood pressure that's too low or too high Chest pain or pressure Migraine headache Fibromyalgia Small fiber neuropathy, a condition that affects the sensory nerves, causing numbness, tingling or burning sensations A sense of anxiety, tremor [honorhealth.com]

• Vertigo

  See also [ edit ] Orthostatic hypotension Dizziness Vertigo Vasovagal response Clouding of consciousness Greyout References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] The MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [en.wikipedia.org]

  No other obvious etiology of the tachycardia (ex, anemia, hypothyroidism) POTS: ASSOCIATED ORTHOSTATIC SYMPTOMS Headaches (very prevalent) [ Heyer, 2013 ] Fatigue Palpitations Lightheadedness / Dizziness / Near syncope Vertigo [ Heyer, 2013 ] Nausea Abdominal [pedemmorsels.com]

  Symptoms / Signs Muscle tissue disease (myopathy) Muscle pain (myalgia) Muscle inflammation (myositis) Joint hypermobility Muscle weakness Frequent falls Sensation of feeling off balance (vertigo) Difficulty walking Unusual manner of walking (scissor [undiagnosed.hms.harvard.edu]

Overview The author explains the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic workup, and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), an often disabling syndrome of symptomatic orthostatic tachycardia in the absence of orthostatic [medlink.com]

Diagnostic modalities recommended in the workup of patient with suspected POTS diagnosis Diagnostic test Diagnostic outcome Comment Head‐up tilt test with non‐invasive beat‐to‐beat monitoring (Fig. 2 ) The characteristic orthostatic sinus tachycardia [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Therefore, prolonged benefit of long term treatment is uncertain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Drug treatment is helpful in the short term, although its value long term is unproven. [mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com]

Treatments Treatments Treatment for Dysautonomia or POTS There is not one specific treatment or one medication to treat all of the symptoms of POTS or dysautonomia. [childrensnational.org]

Treatment is most successful when diligence has been taken to investigate the underlying disorder or POTS subtype and a comprehensive targeted treatment program is instituted with frequent follow up. [bjmp.org]

For more detail visit Treatment for POTS syndrome MyHeart.net The best treatment? In a recent survey by MyHeart.net patients were asked what they considered to be the best treatment for POTS during their experience. [healthnavigator.org.nz]

Prognosis There is limited data on the prognosis of POTS patients. Recent short term follow-up studies have shown better prognosis in patients with POTS. 21 Roughly 50% of post-viral POTS patients make a meaningful recovery over about 2-5 years. [bjmp.org]

What is the prognosis? POTS may follow a relapsing-remitting course, in which symptoms come and go, for years. [medicinenet.com]

[…] disease [4] Treatment Avoiding factors that bring on symptoms, increasing dietary salt and water, compression stockings, exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, medications [1] Medication Beta blockers, pyridostigmine, midodrine, and fludrocortisone. [1] Prognosis [en.wikipedia.org]

Prognosis Currently, there is no cure for POTS, however researchers believe that some patients will see an improvement in symptoms over time. [dysautonomiainternational.org]

Although long‐term prognosis of POTS is poorly explored, around 50% of patients spontaneously recover within 1–3 years. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

We give an update on the etiology of POTS, which is still poorly understood, and its overlap with other syndromes such as chronic fatigue syndrome. [njmonline.nl]

Etiology/Causes The current etiology of POTS are not fully known. POTS is theorized to be due to an autonomic dysregulation regulating blood flow and more specifically its' responsibilty to control cerebral blood flow. [physio-pedia.com]

The etiology of POTS in JHS patients is thought to be due to abnormal vascular (venous) elastic connective tissue. [bjmp.org]

No other obvious etiology of the tachycardia (ex, anemia, hypothyroidism) POTS: ASSOCIATED ORTHOSTATIC SYMPTOMS Headaches (very prevalent) [ Heyer, 2013 ] Fatigue Palpitations Lightheadedness / Dizziness / Near syncope Vertigo [ Heyer, 2013 ] Nausea Abdominal [pedemmorsels.com]

Etiology and Pathophysiology Likely a disorder with multiple potential causes. [unboundmedicine.com]

Formal epidemiologic studies have not been performed; however, the estimated prevalence in the United States is about 500,000 ( 2 ). [unboundmedicine.com]

10] Some people do not recover, and a few even worsen with time. [5] The hyperadrenergic type of POTS typically requires continuous therapy. [5] If POTS is caused by another condition, outcomes depend on the prognosis of the underlying disorder. [5] Epidemiology [en.wikipedia.org]

In this review, we will discuss characteristic clinical presentation, presumptive aetiology, epidemiology and current management of the syndrome. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Pathophysiology The various pathophysiological mechanisms involved in POTS are: (1) high level of standing norepinephrine level (due to reduced norepinephrine transporter expression resulting increased systemic norepinephrine spill over); (2) presence [wjgnet.com]

Most patients can benefit from a pathophysiologically based regimen of management. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

"The Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis & Management". Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal. 6 (2): 84–99. ISSN 0972-6292. PMC 1501099. [me-pedia.org]

Clinical Topics: Arrhythmias and Clinical EP, Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Disease, Prevention, Sports and Exercise Cardiology, Vascular Medicine, Implantable Devices, SCD/Ventricular Arrhythmias, Atrial Fibrillation/Supraventricular Arrhythmias, Exercise [acc.org]

General Prevention No strategies for prevention have been described. However, patients with a history of POTS should avoid dehydration. Furthermore, such individuals may benefit from regular physical activity. [unboundmedicine.com]

There was a real condition preventing her from doing so. For the Mayo Clinic News Network, reporter Vivien Williams shares Christine's story. [youtube.com]

Also, stronger muscles help more of the venous blood return to the heart and help prevent pooling of blood in the legs. [pccoforegon.com]

Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure disorders such as POTS. QUESTION A concussion is a traumatic brain injury. [medicinenet.com]