In the management of patients with PACs, it is important to know the clinical history particularly about cardiac disorders or structural heart disease. History of medication including proarrhythmic drugs, sympathomimetics or drugs which increase the risk of altered serum potassium or magnesium concentration may assist in determining the etiology of premature atrial contractions.

Symptoms that are important in the management are those which can predict some of the underlying clinical conditions such as ischemic heart disease (which may present with chest pain or the anginal equivalent) or hemodynamic compromise (which may manifest as syncope) [5].

Observable symptoms may be absent in many patients [6]. However, some patients may report feelings of a 'stop' or 'skip' heartbeat. Exercise can cause either an increase or decrease the frequency of PACs.

Cannon A waves due to increase in contraction following a PAC can result in palpitations, neck and/or chest discomfort. Repeated PACs or bigeminy may cause syncope due to low stroke volume or inadequate cardiac output. After several PACs, hypotension may occur.

• Tachycardia

  Fetal tachycardia is defined as fetal heart rates being more than 180 bpm [2]. Fetal tachycardia may vary between benign sinus tachycardia and SVT which may lead to hydrops fetalis. [hindawi.com]

  True atrial tachycardia This narrow QRS tachycardia arises from an abnormal automatic focus or intra-atrial reentry. [msdmanuals.com]

  Contractions (PVCs) Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome (WPW) Ventricular Tachycardia (VTach) Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib) Torsades de Pointes (Torsades) First Degree AV Block Second Degree AV Blocks (Wenckeback and [play.google.com]

• Heart Disease

  PACs are commonly observed in elderly patients and may be a result of degenerative disorders such as congestive heart disease, angina pectoris and coronary heart disease. [symptoma.com]

  In most cases, premature atrial contractions aren’t a sign of heart disease and just happen naturally. [webmd.com]

  There are many ways in which psychosocial factors are related to heart disease. [everydayhealth.com]

  In patients with heart problems such as heart failure or heart disease, PVCs may be a sign of a more dangerous heart rhythm to come. For more information about PVCs, visit our Health Library article on premature ventricular contractions. [umcvc.org]

• Skipped Beats

  The extra beat is followed by a stronger heartbeat, which creates the feeling of a skipped beat or a flutter. These extra beats are usually less effective in pumping blood throughout the body. [umcvc.org]

  While the heart probably isn’t actually skipping a beat in those situations, the heart can skip beats due to premature contractions. [okheart.com]

  Because of reduced blood being pumped, it may feel like you have skipped a beat, but you have not, although the beat was certainly not as effective as a normal beat. [equimedcorp.com]

  I've been living with short skipped beats since my 20s when my thyroid issues began, but something has changed recently. To make a long story only slightly shorter, I went to the ER when irregular beats woke me from sleep. [inspire.com]

  The patient may feel a “skipped beat” or speak of a palpitation. They typically are not associated with chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea, or syncope. [alivecor.com.hk]

• Irregular Heart Rhythm

  This can cause both chambers of the heart to beat earlier than normal (conducted PAC) or may result in the impulse not passing to the ventricles (blocked PAC). Both may result in an occasional irregular heart rhythm. [sharecare.com]

  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common abnormal or irregular heart rhythms ( arrhythmias ) in the world today. [selfgrowth.com]

  If this is not possible and frequent, intolerable palpitations are present, drugs to control irregular heart rhythms are helpful. If the extra heartbeat happens often, it can — but does not always — set off atrial fibrillation. [cedars-sinai.edu]

  Up to the time of admission, the patient never experienced paroxysmal tachycardia, and his principal complaint was the irregular heart rhythm refractory to all types of antiarrhytmic drug therapy. [degruyter.com]

  A commonly used heart monitor may be a simple tool for predicting the risk of atrial fibrillation, the most frequently diagnosed type of irregular heart rhythm, according to researchers at UC San Francisco. [ucsf.edu]

• Hypotension

  After several PACs, hypotension may occur. When PACs are suspected in a patient during auscultation, it is important to determine their frequency using ECG. [symptoma.com]

  Some patients have weakness and hypotension, other patients have no symptoms. The ventricular response usually determines if the patient will by symptomatic or not. [nurseslearning.com]

  This impairment in BRS leads to a lack of appropriate baroreflex activity in response to a hypotensive stimulus, such as premature ventricular contraction, as demonstrated by a blunted HRT, a surrogate marker for BRS. [google.sr]

• Sweating

  Magnesium is also lost in sweat making athletes more vulnerable to having low levels in their body. Magnesium is particularly important in the function of the myocardium (heart muscle fibers). [clinicaltrials.gov]

  […] following signs of a heart attack: Squeezing, pressure, or pain in your chest You may also have any of the following: Discomfort or pain in your back, neck, jaw, stomach, or arm Shortness of breath Nausea or vomiting Lightheadedness or a sudden cold sweat [drugs.com]

  It is important to note, however, that other heart attack symptoms — such as sweating — do not typically occur with acid reflux. Knowing whether you are at risk for a heart attack can help you be on the lookout for symptoms. [everydayhealth.com]

  Other associated symptoms that include: Lightheadedness Profuse sweating Breathing difficulty Chest pain Diagnosis The doctor may ask to know about the medical history of the patient. [symptoma.com]

  Chances are that if something was truly wrong with your heart you'd be dead or in deep shit right now so don't sweat it. 20-Dec-2005, 09:20 AM #5 Re: so, i was diagnosed with premature atrial contraction.. hey nuevo, thanks bro. experience speaks for [elitefitness.com]

When PACs are suspected in a patient during auscultation, it is important to determine their frequency using ECG [7]. Increased PACs may occur during exercise, therefore, radiotelemetric measurement of the ECG during or immediately after the exercise is not inconclusive. Radiotelemetry may be important in determining whether frequent PACs can affect individuals engaging in active physical activities (e.g. athletes). PACs that occur during rest or recovery period may not have direct implication on the physical activity of an individual.

Periodically, PACs may be detected during the heart rate recovery period after exercise, especially after sub-maximal graded exercise. Sometimes, it can be challenging when determining whether the early beats with a feature of marginally different P wave shape are due to PACs or a normal variation associated with sinus arrhythmia and wandering atrial pacemaker. 

24-hour Holter monitoring is very effective in the diagnosis of the condition, because PACs may not occur during a standard ECG test [8].

When PACs occur more frequently (e.g. 3 times per minute on an average), it may be suggestive of an underlying atrial disease. Proper clinical examination should be done with specific focus on AV regurgitation, even without any obvious signs or symptoms relating to PACs. Echocardiography could be used to determine the presence and severity of heart diseases. Most often, there may be no obvious underlying pathological condition. When this is confirmed, a possible cause of the arrhythmia may be atrial myocarditis and viral antibody serology and hematological investigations may be requested. Biochemistry can be done if the suspected underlying condition is a systemic disease or serum electrolyte imbalance.

• Hypercholesterolemia

  History of a known vascular condition, such as MI or stroke; presence of AF or AFL ≥1 beat of APC Screening 12‐lead ECG Death from different underlying causes National Vital Statistics Database of Japan Age, sex, BMI, smoking habit, drinking habit, hypercholesterolemia [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

  (0.5) 10 (0.5) 0.755 Prior MI 31 (0.6) 13 (0.4) 18 (0.9) 0.025 Valvular heart disease 103 (1.9) 68 (2.1) 35 (1.7) 0.359 Cardiovascular risk factor Diabetes mellitus 530 (20.2) 299 (9.1) 231 (11.1) 0.013 Hypertension 1911 (35.6) 989 (30.0) 922 (44.5) Hypercholesterolemia [jaha.ahajournals.org]

• Inverted P Wave

  wave is abnormal Premature (earlier than expected) Morphology different than normal P wave Inverted P wave suggests atrial source near AV junction Nearly normal P waves suggest focus near SA node P' wave, P'R' intervals, coupling interval usually constant [fprmed.com]

  PACS arising close to the AV node (“low atrial” ectopics) activate the atria retrogradely, producing an inverted P wave with a relatively short PR interval ≥ 120 ms (PR interval < 120 ms is classified as a PJC). [litfl.com]

Patients with no underlying heart-related problems with little or no symptoms and a lower risk of PACs can be counseled about their condition, while those with more obvious clinical features may require further assessment, counseling or treatment.

Treatment options include:

• Beta-blockers (e.g. atenolol, metoprolol).
• Use of radio frequency catheter ablation of the ectopic focus when necessary [9].
• Dietary adjustment advice may be given to patients when the stimulation is caused by high intake of caffeine, alcohol or other stimulants [10].

In normal healthy subjects, early atrial contractions occur commonly and are normal findings among this population without any particular underlying health risk. Rarely PACs can stimulate a serious arrhythmia like atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation among patients with structural heart problems [4]. 

The sinoatrial node (sinus node) is a group of cells located in the right atrium of the heart. It controls the rate of the heartbeat through autonomous electrical signals. Sometimes, electrical signals can arise from other regions of the heart causing premature atrial contractions (PACs) or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).

The primary cause of a premature heartbeat is frequently unknown and most patients with PACs do not have underlying heart-related diseases. Factors that may contribute to premature heart beats and sometimes aid in diagnosis of the disease include:

• Caffeine intake
• Alcohol intake [2]
• Stress 
• Sleeplessness
• Proarrythmic drugs

PACs are common in healthy people without cardiac disorders and [3] and more than 60% of the adult population are diagnosed with the condition in a 24-hour Holter monitoring test.

The disorder may occur due to an increased atrial pressure, particularly in patients with cardiac failure or mitral incompetence. PACs may also occur before the onset of atrial fibrillation. This may be further complicated by alcohol and caffeine intake.

Features of premature atrial contractions on electrocardiography include:

• Electrical signals arise from the atrial region.
• The rate of heart beat is variable, but the underlying rate appears normal.
• The rhythm is irregular due to interruption by a premature beat.
• Each QRS complex shows a P waves. The P wave of a PAC may be obstructed by the previous T wave and appears differently from the sinus P waves.
• PRI value is between 0.12–0.20 seconds, but may be longer or shorter for the PAC.
• QRS complex appears normal.

PACs can be triggered by stimulants such as alcohol, tobacco or adrenergic drugs. 

Benign premature beats can be prevented by avoiding stimulants such as marijuana, tobacco and caffeine. Also, regular cardiovascular exercise is helpful. Stress management is also important and if necessary, anxiolytic agent may be advised. Patient history is very important so as to avoid drugs that can increase PACs.

Premature atrial contractions (PACs) can cause heart palpitations or noticeable abnormal heartbeats. Palpitations are feelings of having an abnormal increase, decrease or irregularly timed heart beat. PACs occur when a region of the atria depolarizes before the sinoatrial (SA) node, causing a premature beat. This can cause abnormal premature beats of both atrial and ventricles (conducted PAC) or the beat is not conducted into the ventricles causing a blocked PAC. Both conducted and blocked PACs can result into arrhythmia or dysrhythmia. Generally, PACs can affect any age group. Treatment of PACs is usually not necessary, however, in severe condition, patients may require medications.

PACs are usually harmless but rarely, they may occur due to a life-threatening heart disease such as arrhythmias. PACs are commonly observed in elderly patients and may be a result of degenerative disorders such as congestive heart disease, angina pectoris and coronary heart disease. Furthermore, arrhythmias are a major cause of falls, physical disability and frequent hospitalization among the aged patient [1].

Premature atrial contractions may either be:

• Unifocal: PACs emerges from a single focal point with identical features.
• Multifocal: PACs arise from two or more foci and appear with multiple P-wave structures.

Premature atrial contractions (PAC) are caused by stimulation of the atria by an electrical signal generated from a different part of atrial chamber, before the normal heartbeat occurs. 

Causes

PACs are early heartbeats which are generated by premature electrical impulses which arise from anywhere within atrium, other than the sinus node. Although, they often occur in healthy people, other heart diseases or injury may be implicated.

In most patient, premature atrial contraction effects are not severe. However, this condition may have significant health implications if it is related with atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm characterized by a rapid onset, spontaneous irregular heartbeat. This abnormal heart rhythm could be stimulated by PACs.

Symptoms

Premature atrial contractions usually do not produce significant symptoms, sometimes, the patient may have feelings of skipped, rapid or fluttering heartbeats.

Other associated symptoms that include:

• Lightheadedness
• Profuse sweating
• Breathing difficulty
• Chest pain

Diagnosis

The doctor may ask to know about the medical history of the patient. This history may include questions about their social habit (alcohol, recreational drug or caffeine consumption), symptoms observed and other important information from the patient.

Clinical conditions which usually cause heart related diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity etc. may require proper management even in the absence of PACs.

The doctor based on the symptoms may:

• Physically examine the patient to detect possible underlying clinical problems.
• Examine the state of the patient heart by monitoring the heart rate.
• Request for laboratory investigations such as hematological, serological and biochemical analysis of blood.
• Ask for electrocardiogram (ECG) examination. This is done to detect cause of irregular heartbeat pattern.
• Instruct the patient to wear Holter monitoring device for 24-48 hours. This is used to measure heart rhythm.

Treatment

Most PACs are benign and self limiting. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and is usually based on the observed symptoms. Drugs such as beta or calcium blockers are sometimes prescribed for treatment with proper monitoring. Generally, in the absence of any severe underlying heart conditions, most patients can benefit from proper counseling and reassurance by the healthcare provider.

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3. Conen D, Adam M, Roche F, et al. Premature atrial contractions in the general population: frequency and risk factors. Circulation. 2012 Nov 6; 126(19):2302-8.
4. Ettinger PO, Wu CF, De La Cruz C Jr, et al. Arrhythmias and the "Holiday Heart": alcohol-associated cardiac rhythm disorders. Am Heart J. 1978; 95:555.
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