A 15-year-old girl presented with primary amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and an enlarged pituitary gland. She proved to have primary hypothyroidism. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Amenorrhea

  AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of etiologic causes of primary amenorrhea in Thailand. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  primary amenorrhea (diagnosis), Amenorrhoea primary, amenorrhea primary, Amenorrhea, primary, Primary amenorrhoea (finding), Primary Amenorrhea, Delayed Menarche, Primary physiologic amenorrhea, Primary amenorrhea, Primary amenorrhoea, Primary physiologic [fpnotebook.com]

This review's aims are to define primary amenorrhea and describe the various causes, their workups, associated comorbidities, and treatment options. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A pregnancy test should always be included in the workup of secondary amenorrhea, regardless of reported history. The most common causes of secondary amenorrhea include: Pregnancy: second most common cause of secondary amenorrhea. [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

Initial workup of primary and secondary amenorrhea includes a pregnancy test and serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. [aafp.org]

This review's aims are to define primary amenorrhea and describe the various causes, their workups, associated comorbidities, and treatment options. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Amenorrhea is usually curable with hormone treatment or removal of the underlying cause. Treatment may be delayed to age 18 unless the cause can be identified and treated safely. [nmihi.com]

The prognosis after gross total resection is likely favorable; however, long-term follow-up is indicated for these rare neoplasms. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] karyotyping Pelvic ultrasound is needed to determine the presence of a uterus Differential Diagnosis Pregnancy Contraceptive use Refer to evaluation Treatment Directed at underlying pathology e.g., vaginal outlet obstruction will require surgical correction Prognosis [medbullets.com]

Treatment of infertility in these groups of patients is directed towards the cause of the amenorrhea and the prognosis is generally good. [laivfclinic.com]

Outlook (Prognosis) The outlook depends on the cause of the amenorrhea and whether it can be corrected with treatment or lifestyle changes. [ufhealth.org]

There are numerous etiologies including outflow tract obstructions, gonadal dysgenesis, and anomalies of the hypothalamic axis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

(Müllerian agenesis) Introduction Absence of menarche by the age of ≥ 15 years with normal secondary sexual characteristics and normal growth or ≥ 13 years with the absence of secondary sexual characteristics Etiology most cases are due to genetic causes [medbullets.com]

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 1958;65: 734–738. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1958.tb08863.x Malkani PK : Epidemiology of genital tuberculosis in India. In Rippman ET, Wenner R (eds): Latent Genital Tuberculosis. [jpgo.org]

Epidemiology The prevalence of non-physiological amenorrhoea (in women of menstruating age) is around 3-4%. [ 1 ] Secondary amenorrhoea is more common in athletes. [patient.info]

"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms". Human Reproduction Update. 20 (4): 582–93. doi : 10.1093/humupd/dmu007. [en.wikipedia.org]

The epidemiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. Prevalence and associated disease risks. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999;28:247–63. 23. Chang RJ, Katz SE. Diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. [aafp.org]

Reproductive endocrinology: physiology, pathophysiology and clinical management. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1978: 189–240. Google Scholar 3. Coulam CB. Testicular regression syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53: 44–49. PubMed Google Scholar 4. [link.springer.com]

Crowley Jr Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann's syndrome): pathophysiological and genetic considerations [5.] S.N. Kalantaridou, G.P. [elsevier.es]

Pathophysiology, genetics, and treatment of hyperandrogenism. Pediatr Clin North Am 1997;44:375-95. Fardella CE, Hum DW, Homoki J. Miller WL. Point mutation of Arg440 to his cytochrome P450c 17 causes severe 17 alfa hydroxylase deficiency. [revista.fecolsog.org]

Defining the level of primary dysfunction is critical in determining the pathophysiology of amenorrhea. Hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries form a functional endocrine axis, known as HPO axis with hormonal regulations and feedback loops. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Can amenorrhea be prevented? Amenorrhea is a symptom and not a disease in itself. Therefore, amenorrhea can be prevented only to the extent that the underlying cause can be prevented. [medicinenet.com]

Nurses working with adolescents may prevent more serious problems through early identification and intervention. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

How can Primary Amenorrhea be Prevented? Primary Amenorrhea is a disorder that may be prevented if the underlying cause is known and can be treated. Prevention of the condition is based on the underlying factors that lead to Primary Amenorrhea. [dovemed.com]

PCOS prevents the follicles from generating mature eggs, and when there’s no egg production, the follicles expand with fluid, forming cysts. [livestrong.com]