Compared with the 115 patients without intracranial hemorrhage, the 16 patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage were more frequently women, less frequently had altered cognition, a persistent neurologic deficit, or stroke at presentation, less [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Sneezing

  Interestingly, patients usually are able to identify a trigger for the exacerbations such as strenuous exercise, sexual activity, bathing, swimming, coughing, sneezing, defecating, urinating, laughing, or other valsalva triggering maneuvers. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

• Projectile Vomiting

  vomiting, which partially relieved her symptoms, and diplopia of seven months’ duration. [jpgmonline.com]

• Hemianopsia

  Bitemporal hemianopsia accounts for the majority of visual symptoms, with impaired acuity and diplopia being relatively uncommon. Endocrine dysfunction has been reported in up to 80% of cases. [surgicalneurologyint.com]

• Clumsiness

  While his brain MRI was being planned, he became clumsy, inattentive and started taking extraordinarily long time to tailor-cut the cloth material. He lost his job because of his inability to properly cut and sew clothes. [ruralneuropractice.com]

  On neurologic examination dysarthria, a left facial weakness, clumsiness in rapid alternating movements of the left hand and dysmetric finger-to-nose testing beside abnormalities in pain and temperature sensation on the left side were found. [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com]

• Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure

  She was admitted to hospital and developed a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Her magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal. A lumbar puncture revealed pleiocytosis ( Table 1 ). On fundoscopy, bilateral papilledema was documented. [jrheum.org]

  A 28-year-old non-hypertensive, non-diabetic, male tailor presented with recurrent episodic hemicranial throbbing headache associated with nausea for 4 years and generalized tonic-clonic seizures for around 1 year. [ruralneuropractice.com]

• Frontal Headache

  His past medical history revealed persistent frontal headache for the last 3 weeks. On admission the patient was nervous and slightly confused. Fever was not present, although the patient complained of flu-like symptoms 4 weeks before. [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com]

• Recurrent Headache

  headaches, new neurological or systemic manifestations, persistent inflammation evidenced from blood and CSF analysis, and new CNS lesions shown by MRI or vascular imaging may reflect lack of disease control or complications of immunosuppressive therapy [touchneurology.com]

• Cerebellar Sign

  She also had bilateral cerebellar signs. The fundoscopy showed bilateral papilloedema. Her mini-mental status examination was normal. [jpgmonline.com]

This review discusses the state-of-the-art of current imaging techniques in the workup of PCNSV patients and highlights future prospects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

She was admitted while a broad infectious and inflammatory workup commenced. [ijcasereportsandimages.com]

Diagnostic Investigations The original diagnostic criteria for PACNS proposed by Calabrese and Mallek 28 in 1988 require that a patient has: • a history of a neurological deficit that remains unexplained after a vigorous diagnostic workup, including lumbar [touchneurology.com]

Findings usually reflect aseptic meningitis, with modest pleocytosis and elevated protein levels with a negative infectious workup. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

• HLA-DR1

  RESULTS: No statistically significant associations were found for HLA-B, HLA-DR1 and HLA-DQB1 variant. In the PCNSV group, only the HLA-A*69 variant was found more often than expected statistically. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Six patients responded to RTX with clinical and MRI improvement with no reported flares after RTX treatment. Our data support a potential role for RTX treatment in selected patients with PCNSV. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Axial and coronal FLAIR images 3 years after treatment with IFX, showing regression of lesions. Table 1. [jrheum.org]

It has also been recognized that PCNSV is a heterogeneous disorder encompassing clinical subsets that differ in terms of prognosis and therapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The involvement of small cortical/leptomeningeal vessels was associated with a more benign course, whereas the involvement of larger/proximal cerebral vessels was related to a less favorable prognosis and identified cases that should be treated more aggressively [moh-it.pure.elsevier.com]

The outcome of PCNSV is frequently fatal, and early diagnosis and treatment could result in a more favorable prognosis [ 7, 8, 9 ]. [synapse.koreamed.org]

Given that the prognosis of PACNS may be poor in the absence of specific therapy, early diagnosis and treatment is essential. Diagnosis is often delayed due to the extremely heterogeneous clinical presentations and non-specific MRI features ( 4 ). [spandidos-publications.com]

Although intracranial vasculitis has been associated with certain systemic inflammatory disorders and lymphomas, the etiology of spinal cord vasculitis is unclear. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Etiology and clinical manifestation is heterogeneous and optimal treatment not yet established. Methods: Retrospective case series. [thieme-connect.com]

Back to Top Pathophysiology Primary angiitis of the CNS is a heterogeneous disease with different clinical subsets of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Current Concept and Epidemiology of Systemic Vasculitides. Allergol Int. 2014 Oct 25;[Epub ahead of print]. 5. Kallenberg CGM. The diagnosis and classification of microscopic polyangiitis. J Autoimmun. 2014;48-49:90–3. 6. [revistas.fucsalud.edu.co]

Development and validation of a consensus methodology for the classification of the ANCA-associated vasculitides and polyarteritis nodosa for epidemiological studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007; 66(2):222-227. Molloy ES, Langford CA. Vasculitis mimics. [anfamed.edu.uy]

Epidemiology PACNS is a rare disorder. The incidence has been estimated at 2.4 per 1,000,000 person-years. Most biopsy proven cases in the literature demonstrate a slight male predominance. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Knowledge regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management continues to evolve. Optimal management remains uncertain. [ijcasereportsandimages.com]

The early observation suggested the possibility of a spectrum of progression starting with LYH and progressing to GH.[ 25 ] In contrast, other authors cited key epidemiological factors of LYH that were not found in GH including female bias, association [surgicalneurologyint.com]

Despite important pathophysiological and angiographic differences, PCNSV and MMD may present with similar clinical and auxiliary findings. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Back to Top Pathophysiology Primary angiitis of the CNS is a heterogeneous disease with different clinical subsets of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. [clevelandclinicmeded.com]

Abnormality in the control of brain blood vessel pressure is believed to be the critical element in the pathophysiology of RCVS. The alteration in vascular tone may be spontaneous or evoked by various exogenous or endogenous factors. [vasculitisfoundation.org]

A considerable gap still exists, however, particularly with respect to its pathophysiological mechanisms. [medlink.com]

Pathophysiology The pathogenesis of PACNS and its predilection for central nervous system (CNS) vessels remains poorly understood. [touchneurology.com]

This may facilitate earlier treatment and may prevent irreversible or even lethal outcomes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This may facilitate earlier treatment and may prevent irreversible or even lethal outcomes. a Unit of Rheumatology, Arcispedale S. [journals.lww.com]

Early recognition is important because treatment with corticosteroids with or without cytotoxic drugs can often prevent serious outcomes. [ard.bmj.com]

Salgado has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity from Belvoir Media Group as Consulting Editor of A Special Report published by the editors of Heart Advisor Cleveland Clinic STROKE: Advances in Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular [neurology.org]

cotrimoxazole to prevent pneumocystosis, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, prescription of mesna combined with cyclophosphamide infusions to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis). [em-consulte.com]