Primary HIV infection, also known as an acute retroviral syndrome or acute HIV infection occurs within three to four weeks [1] after a person is infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and can last for up to three months until the HIV-specific antibodies develop [2].

A few patients with this infection are asymptomatic but a majority of them develop flu-like signs during this period [3]. These are usually non-specific [2] and include fatiguability, fever, myalgia, sore throat, and skin rash [4] with constitutional symptoms like malaise, anorexia, loss of weight, diarrhea, and tender lymphadenopathy, typically in the inguinal region. A headache, neck stiffness, encephalitis, aseptic meningitis and cranial nerve V or VII involvement can also be the presenting manifestations in some patients. Other neurological features include demyelinating polyneuropathy and mononeuropathy leading to wrist drop or foot drop.

A characteristic maculopapular rash on the proximal aspect of the extremities and trunk is noticed. Oral thrush, hairy leukoplakia, and aphthous ulcers may be seen on oropharyngeal examination. In addition, orogenital lesions due to herpes simplex or reactivation of herpes zoster with vesiculation can occur.

• Generalized Lymphadenopathy

  Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy is diagnosed clinically. [reference.medscape.com]

  Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy (PGL) There is loss of normal lymph node architecture as the immune system fails with emergence from latency of HIV infection. It is marked by development of generalized lymphadenopathy. [library.med.utah.edu]

  Findings: Acute Retroviral Syndrome Fever (low-grade Fever over 102 with rigors suggests occult infection Fatigue (70-90%) Erythematous Maculopapular Rash (40-80%) Face and Trunk Extremities involving palms and soles Headache (32-70%) Generalized Lymphadenopathy [fpnotebook.com]

• Fever

  […] when you've recently contracted HIV from signs and symptoms such as fever, rash, or swollen lymph nodes. [archive.org]

  [21] 19 F Myalgias, rash, emesis, and fever 10681 153 CMV not excluded Survived [9] 20 M Sore throat, abdominal pain, diarrhea, emesis, and fever 2968 266 No urine drug screen performed Survived [22] 26 M Myalgias, sore throat, and fever 41000 826 CMV [omicsonline.org]

  We report the case of a patient with extensive multiple organ involvement (fever, rhabdomyolysis, myocarditis, pancreatitis, bilateral renal infarcts, acute renal failure and anemia) in the setting of documented HIV seroconversion as an unusual form of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Presentation [ 8, 9 ] The illness resembles glandular fever. [patient.info]

• Fatigue

  […] or muscle pain, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, fatigue, night sweats, nausea and vomiting, headache, or genital sores. [archive.org]

  Meningoencephalitis has been described as a fairly common presenting condition in PHI, with nuchal rigidity, fatigue, photophobia and headache; therefore, PHI should be considered in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Clinical findings Fever, severe fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a maculopapular rash; less commonly, diarrhoea, lightning-like pain, major weight loss, abdominal cramping, palmoplantar desquamation, myalgia, arthralgia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  These are usually non-specific and include fatiguability, fever, myalgia, sore throat, and skin rash with constitutional symptoms like malaise, anorexia, loss of weight, diarrhea, and tender lymphadenopathy, typically in the inguinal region. [symptoma.com]

  Alisa Le For years, I was plagued by chronic yeast infections, including but not limited to: rashes, weight gain, insomnia, acne, constipation, chronic fatigue, depression, sensitivity to chemicals, you name it. [slideshare.net]

• Lymphadenopathy

  These are usually non-specific and include fatiguability, fever, myalgia, sore throat, and skin rash with constitutional symptoms like malaise, anorexia, loss of weight, diarrhea, and tender lymphadenopathy, typically in the inguinal region. [symptoma.com]

  A male homosexual presented with a skin rash, pharyngitis, fever and lymphadenopathy. The clinical symptoms were suggestive of an acute primary HIV infection. The diagnosis was confirmed serologically. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Clinical findings Fever, severe fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a maculopapular rash; less commonly, diarrhoea, lightning-like pain, major weight loss, abdominal cramping, palmoplantar desquamation, myalgia, arthralgia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Acute HIV is characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, skin rash and swollen glands (lymphadenopathy). CONTINUE SCROLLING OR CLICK HERE FOR RELATED ARTICLE Last Editorial Review: 1/24/2017 [medicinenet.com]

• Weight Loss

  Clinical findings Fever, severe fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a maculopapular rash; less commonly, diarrhoea, lightning-like pain, major weight loss, abdominal cramping, palmoplantar desquamation, myalgia, arthralgia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Symptoms include rash and/or fevers, possibly in combination with one or more of the following symptoms: malaise (which is a general feeling of weakness, discomfort, and fatigue), loss of appetite, weight loss, a sore throat, sores in the mouth, joint [archive.org]

  loss (70%) Wasting Syndrome Unexplained weight loss of >10% usual body weight V. [fpnotebook.com]

  The common signs and symptoms associated with Acute HIV Infection include: Fever Fatigue and lethargy Loss of appetite Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) Sore throat Weight loss Dry cough Muscle aches and muscle stiffness Headache Malaise (feeling [dovemed.com]

• Infectious Mononucleosis

  Primary infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) has been associated with a self-limited illness resembling acute infectious mononucleosis. Pulmonary manifestations have been notably absent in published reports. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Sore Throat

  Symptoms include rash and/or fevers, possibly in combination with one or more of the following symptoms: malaise (which is a general feeling of weakness, discomfort, and fatigue), loss of appetite, weight loss, a sore throat, sores in the mouth, joint [archive.org]

  10681 153 CMV not excluded Survived [9] 20 M Sore throat, abdominal pain, diarrhea, emesis, and fever 2968 266 No urine drug screen performed Survived [22] 26 M Myalgias, sore throat, and fever 41000 826 CMV not excluded, no urine drug screen performed [omicsonline.org]

  Acute HIV is characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, skin rash and swollen glands (lymphadenopathy). CONTINUE SCROLLING OR CLICK HERE FOR RELATED ARTICLE Last Editorial Review: 1/24/2017 [medicinenet.com]

  Clinical findings Fever, severe fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a maculopapular rash; less commonly, diarrhoea, lightning-like pain, major weight loss, abdominal cramping, palmoplantar desquamation, myalgia, arthralgia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Pharyngitis

  A male homosexual presented with a skin rash, pharyngitis, fever and lymphadenopathy. The clinical symptoms were suggestive of an acute primary HIV infection. The diagnosis was confirmed serologically. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  CASE DESCRIPTION: A 42-year-old Caucasian man was treated with amoxicillin-clavulanate for pharyngitis. He did not improve, and a rash developed. [archive-ouverte.unige.ch]

  [Reference] Age/sex Symptoms CPK peak, U/L AST Remarks Outcome [14] 18 M Sore throat, red urine, myalgias, pharyngitis, and LN 5750 165 No urine drug screen performed Survived [12] 29 M Sore throat, fever, pharyngitis, and LN 4224 250 No urine drug screen [omicsonline.org]

  Patients with the syndrome may have fever, fatigue, rash, pharyngitis or other symptoms. Primary HIV infection should be considered in any patient with possible HIV exposure who presents with fever of unknown cause. [aafp.org]

• Cough

  Herein is a report of an adult case of primary HIV infection with cytomegalovirus coinfection causing cough, fever, and lymphocytic alveolitis. Primary HIV infection has not been previously reported as a cause of lymphocytic alveolitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  During that week, he developed flu-like symptoms of fever, chills, cough, and persistent diarrhea. Three days before admission, he developed a stiff neck, headaches, confusion, and vivid nightmares. [thebodypro.com]

  Symptoms can include: weight loss chronic diarrhoea night sweats fever persistent cough mouth and skin problems regular infections serious illness or disease. What is AIDS? It’s important to understand the difference between HIV and AIDS. [avert.org]

  The common signs and symptoms associated with Acute HIV Infection include: Fever Fatigue and lethargy Loss of appetite Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) Sore throat Weight loss Dry cough Muscle aches and muscle stiffness Headache Malaise (feeling [dovemed.com]

• Diarrhea

  Topics hiv, aids, primary, infection, symptoms, test, fever, rash, lymph, nodes, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, sore, throat, mouth, genital, joint, muscle, pain, headache, night, sweat, diarrhea, loss, appetite, weight It's sometimes possible to recognize [archive.org]

  Case Presentation Case 1: A 27 year old African American male presented to the emergency room with pain in both legs, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. [omicsonline.org]

  Patient 2 ** A 31-year-old bisexual man presented to the emergency department complaining of progressive headaches, confusion, myalgia, vivid nightmares, and diarrhea. [thebodypro.com]

  These are usually non-specific and include fatiguability, fever, myalgia, sore throat, and skin rash with constitutional symptoms like malaise, anorexia, loss of weight, diarrhea, and tender lymphadenopathy, typically in the inguinal region. [symptoma.com]

  It's defined as a loss of at least 10 percent of body weight, often accompanied by diarrhea, chronic weakness and fever. Neurological complications. [mayoclinic.org]

• Nausea

  Topics hiv, aids, primary, infection, symptoms, test, fever, rash, lymph, nodes, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, sore, throat, mouth, genital, joint, muscle, pain, headache, night, sweat, diarrhea, loss, appetite, weight It's sometimes possible to recognize [archive.org]

  A less common presentation is a predominantly gastrointestinal disease, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, hepatitis and even gastrointestinal haemorrhage. [patient.info]

  Clinical findings Fever, severe fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a maculopapular rash; less commonly, diarrhoea, lightning-like pain, major weight loss, abdominal cramping, palmoplantar desquamation, myalgia, arthralgia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  […] that rash and fevers are the strongest predictors of primary HIV infection, especially when occurring in combination with one or more of the following symptoms: Loss of appetite Joint pain Sore throat Muscle pain Swollen lymph nodes Diarrhea Fatigue Nausea [thebody.com]

• Vomiting

  Topics hiv, aids, primary, infection, symptoms, test, fever, rash, lymph, nodes, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, sore, throat, mouth, genital, joint, muscle, pain, headache, night, sweat, diarrhea, loss, appetite, weight It's sometimes possible to recognize [archive.org]

  Clinical findings Fever, severe fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a maculopapular rash; less commonly, diarrhoea, lightning-like pain, major weight loss, abdominal cramping, palmoplantar desquamation, myalgia, arthralgia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Hodinka Abstract A 15-year-old previously healthy male presented with fever, vomiting, diarrhea, malaise, and altered mental status. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

  […] and fevers are the strongest predictors of primary HIV infection, especially when occurring in combination with one or more of the following symptoms: Loss of appetite Joint pain Sore throat Muscle pain Swollen lymph nodes Diarrhea Fatigue Nausea and vomiting [thebody.com]

  Other symptoms include vomiting, joint pain (arthralgias), and sensitivity to light (photophobia). Men may notice open sores (ulcers) in the mouth or on the penis. [skinsight.com]

• Gagging

  By polychromatic flow cytometry, we studied every month, for the first 6 months, T lymphocyte polyfunctionality after cell stimulation with peptides derived from HIV-1 gag and nef. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Percentages of responding Gag-specific cells within each T-bet and Eomes subset are provided. [journals.plos.org]

  HIV-specific CD4 T-cell responses were measured following 72 h stimulation with the HIV-1 gag p24 protein (Figure S1B in Supplementary Material). [frontiersin.org]

  Fitness cost of escape mutations in p24 Gag in association with control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 80, 3617–3623 (2006). 98. Schneidewind, A. et al. [nature.com]

• Loss of Appetite

  Symptoms include rash and/or fevers, possibly in combination with one or more of the following symptoms: malaise (which is a general feeling of weakness, discomfort, and fatigue), loss of appetite, weight loss, a sore throat, sores in the mouth, joint [archive.org]

  Some researchers believe that rash and fevers are the strongest predictors of primary HIV infection, especially when occurring in combination with one or more of the following symptoms: Loss of appetite Joint pain Sore throat Muscle pain Swollen lymph [thebody.com]

  The relative frequency of symptoms has been reported as follows [ 11 ] : Main symptoms of primary HIV infection Fever 80% Rash 51% Oral Ulcers 37% Arthralgia 54% Pharyngitis 44% Loss of appetite 54% Loss of more than 2.5 kg in weight 32% Malaise 68% Myalgia [patient.info]

  Symptoms of acute HIV infection can include: rash fever chills headache fatigue sore throat night sweats loss of appetite ulcers that appear in the mouth, esophagus, or genitals swollen lymph nodes muscle aches diarrhea Not all symptoms may be present [healthline.com]

• Tachycardia

  […] reduce quetiapine dose to 1/6 of current dose Monitor for adverse events, including increased blood pressure Beta adrenoceptor agonist (long-acting salmeterol) Significant increase in salmeterol level Monitor for QT prolongation, palpitations, and sinus tachycardia [hivguidelines.org]

• Aphthous Stomatitis

  The primary role for biopsy is when aphthous ulcers are difficult to distinguish from herpes simplex virus (HSV) lesions. See Aphthous Stomatitis for more details. HSV infection Viral culture is the criterion standard for diagnosis of HSV infection. [reference.medscape.com]

• Hepatomegaly

  Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly may not be useful predictors of HIV infection in a population in which malaria is prevalent. [scielosp.org]

  […] or lichen planus Presence may increase urgency of HCV treatment and may require additional evaluation and treatment needs See, for instance, Medscape: Cutaneous Manifestations of HCV Clinical Presentation Liver size by palpation or auscultation for hepatomegaly [hivguidelines.org]

• Myalgia

  […] performed Survived [15] 42 M Myalgias, Abdominal pain, and diarrhea 63800 1480 No urine drug screen performed Survived [16] 20 M Myalgias, fever, pharyngitis, and LN 11016 462 Acute HIV/CMV coinfection Survived [17] 51 M Myalgias, emesis, and fever 32720 [omicsonline.org]

  Clinical findings Fever, severe fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a maculopapular rash; less commonly, diarrhoea, lightning-like pain, major weight loss, abdominal cramping, palmoplantar desquamation, myalgia, arthralgia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  These are usually non-specific and include fatiguability, fever, myalgia, sore throat, and skin rash with constitutional symptoms like malaise, anorexia, loss of weight, diarrhea, and tender lymphadenopathy, typically in the inguinal region. [symptoma.com]

  It is associated with fevers, sweats, malaise, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, myalgia, arthralgia, headaches, sore throat, diarrhoea, generalised lymphadenopathy, a macular erythematous truncal eruption and thrombocytopenia. [patient.info]

• Arthralgia

  Clinical findings Fever, severe fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a maculopapular rash; less commonly, diarrhoea, lightning-like pain, major weight loss, abdominal cramping, palmoplantar desquamation, myalgia, arthralgia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  In addition, p24 antigen positivity identified recent fever, night sweats, and arthralgias as symptoms that may be predictive of recent HIV infection. [jamanetwork.com]

  It is associated with fevers, sweats, malaise, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, myalgia, arthralgia, headaches, sore throat, diarrhoea, generalised lymphadenopathy, a macular erythematous truncal eruption and thrombocytopenia. [patient.info]

  Other symptoms include vomiting, joint pain (arthralgias), and sensitivity to light (photophobia). Men may notice open sores (ulcers) in the mouth or on the penis. [skinsight.com]

• Photophobia

  Meningoencephalitis has been described as a fairly common presenting condition in PHI, with nuchal rigidity, fatigue, photophobia and headache; therefore, PHI should be considered in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Fever, severe fatigue, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a maculopapular rash; less commonly, diarrhoea, lightning-like pain, major weight loss, abdominal cramping, palmoplantar desquamation, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, photophobia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Other symptoms include vomiting, joint pain (arthralgias), and sensitivity to light (photophobia). Men may notice open sores (ulcers) in the mouth or on the penis. [skinsight.com]

  […] present in a variety of ways: from a mild flu like illness to a more severe constellation of complaints, including fever, fatigue, sore throat, anorexia, headaches, myalgias or arthralgias, nausea, cervical adenopathy, diarrhea, or rash. [16], [17] Photophobia [sjkdt.org]

  Neurologic manifestations Aseptic meningitis may manifest as headache, photophobia, and frank encephalitis. Cranial nerve involvement may be observed. Cranial nerve VII is affected predominantly; sometimes, nerves V and/or VIII are also affected. [reference.medscape.com]

• Night Sweats

  Night sweats were reported by 9% of the p24 antigenemic, but only 1% of the control subjects (AOR, 9.1; 95% CI, 1.7-47.6; P =.009). [jamanetwork.com]

  Topics hiv, aids, primary, infection, symptoms, test, fever, rash, lymph, nodes, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, sore, throat, mouth, genital, joint, muscle, pain, headache, night, sweat, diarrhea, loss, appetite, weight It's sometimes possible to recognize [archive.org]

  Flu-like symptoms can include: Fever Chills Rash Night sweats Muscle aches Sore throat Fatigue Swollen lymph nodes Mouth ulcers These symptoms can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks. [aids.gov]

  + Flu-like symptoms include fever, chills, rash, night sweats, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, or mouth ulcers. If you have these symptoms, that doesn't mean you have HIV. [wwwn.cdc.gov]

  Symptoms can include: weight loss chronic diarrhoea night sweats fever persistent cough mouth and skin problems regular infections serious illness or disease. What is AIDS? It’s important to understand the difference between HIV and AIDS. [avert.org]

• Skin Rash

  A male homosexual presented with a skin rash, pharyngitis, fever and lymphadenopathy. The clinical symptoms were suggestive of an acute primary HIV infection. The diagnosis was confirmed serologically. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Acute HIV is characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, skin rash and swollen glands (lymphadenopathy). CONTINUE SCROLLING OR CLICK HERE FOR RELATED ARTICLE Last Editorial Review: 1/24/2017 [medicinenet.com]

  These are usually non-specific and include fatiguability, fever, myalgia, sore throat, and skin rash with constitutional symptoms like malaise, anorexia, loss of weight, diarrhea, and tender lymphadenopathy, typically in the inguinal region. [symptoma.com]

  The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include: Soaking night sweats Recurring fever Chronic diarrhea Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth Persistent, unexplained fatigue Weight loss Skin rashes or [mayoclinic.org]

• Alopecia

  Simultaneous primary infection with HIV and CMV leading to severe pancytopenia, hepatitis, nephritis, perimyocarditis, myositis, and alopecia totalis. Klin Wochenschr 1990;68 (4):237-40. 23. Ragnaud JM, Tahbaz A, Buisson M, et al. [sjkdt.org]

• Headache

  Meningoencephalitis has been described as a fairly common presenting condition in PHI, with nuchal rigidity, fatigue, photophobia and headache; therefore, PHI should be considered in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Topics hiv, aids, primary, infection, symptoms, test, fever, rash, lymph, nodes, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, sore, throat, mouth, genital, joint, muscle, pain, headache, night, sweat, diarrhea, loss, appetite, weight It's sometimes possible to recognize [archive.org]

  Patient 1 * A 43-year-old woman presented to the emergency room with confusion, stiff neck, fever, headache, and sore throat that had lasted for over 2 weeks. [thebodypro.com]

  Acute HIV is characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, skin rash and swollen glands (lymphadenopathy). CONTINUE SCROLLING OR CLICK HERE FOR RELATED ARTICLE Last Editorial Review: 1/24/2017 [medicinenet.com]

• Peripheral Neuropathy

  BACKGROUND: Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a frequent complication of chronic HIV infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  neuropathy, all symptoms remit, and reappear as AIDS after a latency of up to several years. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Neuropathy Facial palsy Guillain-Barre Syndrome Brachial Neuritis Cognitive Impairment Psychosis Malaise Anorexia Weight loss (70%) Wasting Syndrome Unexplained weight loss of >10% usual body weight V. [fpnotebook.com]

  neuropathy Myelopathy Dermatological symptoms Erythematous maculopapular rash Mucocutaneous ulceration The rash is a symmetrical maculopapular erythematous exanthem that involves face, palms and soles as well as trunk and limbs. [dermnetnz.org]

• Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  Through unknown mechanisms, HIV infection can mimic Guillain-Barré syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy). [reference.medscape.com]

  Less commonly, neurological complications may occur, such as aseptic meningitis, facial palsy, or Guillain-Barré syndrome. [ 39 ] Rarely, acute infection causes such a substantial drop in CD4 T-cell count that patients may initially present with oral [hivwebstudy.org]

• Lethargy

  It is associated with fevers, sweats, malaise, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, myalgia, arthralgia, headaches, sore throat, diarrhoea, generalised lymphadenopathy, a macular erythematous truncal eruption and thrombocytopenia. [patient.info]

  The common signs and symptoms associated with Acute HIV Infection include: Fever Fatigue and lethargy Loss of appetite Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) Sore throat Weight loss Dry cough Muscle aches and muscle stiffness Headache Malaise (feeling [dovemed.com]

• Neck Stiffness

  A headache, neck stiffness, encephalitis, aseptic meningitis and cranial nerve V or VII involvement can also be the presenting manifestations in some patients. [symptoma.com]

The diagnosis of primary HIV infection can be challenging. A high index of suspicion in those at risk e.g. intravenous drug users, sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender individuals and those indulging in unprotected intercourse with multiple sexual partners, is essential to diagnose the condition. A detailed history and thorough physical, oropharyngeal, and neurological examination will provide clues to the presence of the infection. Oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, herpes lesions and aphthous ulcers can be diagnosed clinically. Scrapings from oral ulcers for detection of fungal hyphae and a Tzanck test can also be performed to confirm candidal and herpetic infection respectively.

A complete blood count may indicate anemia and thrombocytopenia while a rapid viral load test typically shows an elevated level of HIV along with a decrease in CD4 count. Enzyme-linked immunoglobulin M (IgM) assays help to detect HIV within 23 to 25 days after the initial infection [1] [5] [6] and p24 antigen can be detected within 20 to 30 days [1]. If the initial test is negative, then a second test can be ordered within three months [7].

Testing for drug resistant strains is recommended if HIV infection is detected [8]. In patients with persistent lymphadenopathy, serology tests for cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus should be performed. If liver transaminases are elevated, hepatitis A, B, and C infection should be ruled out with serological tests.

• Lymphocytosis

  Even in the early phases there is often a reduction in CD4 lymphocytes, a CD8 lymphocytosis and a ratio of CD4/CD8 which is low. [patient.info]

Early treatment had a modest positive effect on the quality of the CD4 T-cell response. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Those with more prolonged illness tend to have a poorer prognosis [ 10 ]. [patient.info]

AIDS Transmission AIDS Treatment AIDS Prognosis History of AIDS AIDS Stigma [news-medical.net]

Expectations (prognosis) There is no cure for HIV infection or AIDS. However, appropriate treatment can dramatically improve the length and quality of life for persons infected with HIV, and can delay the onset of AIDS. [ufhealth.org]

[…] levels may be elevated Baseline labs prior to starting medications Serum Creatinine Serum Glucose Lipid profile (affected by Protease Inhibitor s) Urinalysis HIV Staging labs CD4 Count Best marker of HIV-related immunosuppression, infection duration and prognosis [fpnotebook.com]

Current hypotheses concerning the etiology of left ventricular dysfunction in HIV infection are discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The lack of an alternative etiology, despite extensive investigations, suggests that this ulcer was directly caused by primary HIV infection. [archive-ouverte.unige.ch]

Luck RP, Verbin S (2008) Rhabdomyolysis: a review of clinical presentation, etiology, diagnosis, and management. Pediatr Emerg Care 24: 262-268. Singh U, Scheld WM (1996) Infectious etiologies of rhabdomyolysis: three case reports and review. [omicsonline.org]

(Etiology) HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a virus that gradually destroys the immune system. Acute HIV Infection occurs 2-4 weeks after infection with the virus. [dovemed.com]

@gmail.com. 3 INSERM, U1018, Epidemiology of HIV and STI, CESP; University Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. [email protected]. 4 Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France. remonie.seng [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Michael Greiner, fellow for infectious diseases and hospital epidemiology • Dr. med. [en.infektiologie.usz.ch]

However, the case also illustrates a very important epidemiological aspect: Sexually transmitted diseases are clearly known to increase both susceptibility and infectivity for HIV. [infekt.ch]

Organization KFSP Zurich Primary HIV Infection Study Clinical/epidemiological research: Optimal treatment of acute HIV-1 infection Study of the early clinical presentation during acute HIV infection (development of an "acute retroviral syndrome (ARS) [viralinfectiousdiseases.uzh.ch]

The aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ADEM is reviewed, and the sparse existing literature on ADEM and HIV infection is discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Acute rhabdomyolysis and renal failure in HIV-infected patients: risk factors, presentation, and pathophysiology. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2000;14(10):541-8. 6. Hare CB, Vu MP, Grunfeld C, Lampiris HW. [sjkdt.org]

Joshi MK, Liu HH (2000) Acute rhabdomyolysis and renal failure in HIV-infected patients: risk factors, presentation, and pathophysiology. AIDS Patient Care STDS 14: 541-548. [omicsonline.org]

Pathophysiology Acute HIV infection (also known as seroconversion) is defined as the period between exposure to the virus and completion of the initial immune responses (when an antibody test becomes positive for HIV). [reference.medscape.com]

The lack of association between SBR and viral load among MSM supports use of treatment-as-prevention as part of diversified prevention strategies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] by health departments that provide information on the critical role of SSPs in prevention and treatment. [aids.gov]

1. Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2003; 17:1871–9.
2. Cohen MS, Shaw GM, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF. Acute HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:1943 –54.
3. Pilcher CD, Eron JJ Jr, Galvin S, Gay C, Cohen MS. Acute HIV revisited: new opportunities for treatment and prevention. J Clin Invest. 2004 Apr; 113(7):937-45.
4. Zetola NM, Pilcher CD. Diagnosis and management of acute HIV infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2007 Mar; 21(1):19-48, vii.
5. Robb ML. Viral dynamics and immune response in acute infection and their impact on viral set-point. In: AIDS Vaccine 2012 Conference. Boston, United States of America, 11 September 2012
6. Busch MP, Lee LL, Satten GA, et al. Time course of detection of viral and serologic markers preceding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion: implications for screening of blood and tissue donors. Transfusion. 1995; 35 :91 –7
7. South African National AIDS Council. HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) Policy Guidelines, 2010. http://www.sanac.org.za/resources/doc_download/2-department-of-health-hct-policy-guidelines . Accessed 19 April 2017.
8. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. January 10, 2011; 1-174. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf. Accessed: April 20, 2017.