Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a still incompletely defined term for a pathological process that occurs after retinal detachment and subsequent surgical treatment [1] [2]. Namely, PVR is predominantly described as the most common cause of surgical failure for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) [1] [3], in which the detached retina creates a space for fluid to accumulate between the retinal pigment epithelium and the neurosensory component of this structure. The complete pathogenesis model is still not understood, but it is assumed that after retinal detachment (predominantly caused by trauma) and penetration of the blood-retina-barrier (RBB), local cells promote an inflammatory reaction by secreting various cytokines that aid in the process of healing [1] [4] [5]. More importantly, migration of various cell lineages is induced, including fibroblasts, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, but also glial cells [1] [4]. These cells accumulate in the previous location of the retina, and in the attempt to repair retinal detachment, abnormal healing leads to the formation of scar tissue [1] [5]. Because no viable retinal tissue is formed, even after successful surgical treatment, patients suffer from reduced visual acuity that develops approximately a few months after the initial retinal detachment [1] [6] [7] [8]. Various intrinsic factors (severity of detachment, delay in diagnosis, the presence of vitreous hemorrhage, macular involvement, etc.) determine the extent of visual symptoms and the prognosis [1] [7] [9]. Furthermore, various studies have confirmed the recurrent nature of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, even after multiple surgeries [1] [9].

• Anorexia

  Any history of depression, anorexia, liver or pancreatic disease. More than one prior surgical RD repair. Patients with closed funnel retinal detachments. Patients with chronic retinal detachment, defined as longer than 12 weeks. [clinicaltrials.gov]

• Severe Clinical Course

  The early onset and the severe clinical course of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in these eyes showed parallels to traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The retina in all eyes could be reattached. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Retinal Pigmentation

  We sought to study the changes in retinal pigment epithelial cells when cell line-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells are cultured in the presence of pathological vitreous. DESIGN: Prospective study. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Glial cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells also were present in the membranes, often adjacent to T cells, although overall no obvious relationship was found between glial or retinal pigment epithelial cells and T cells Conclusion: The findings indicate [discovery.ucl.ac.uk]

• Conjunctival Hyperemia

  All subjects experienced a degree of conjunctival hyperemia, consistent with the use of silicone oil. Superficial punctate keratopathy (SPK) was observed in one asymptomatic patient at a single clinical exam. [google.com]

• Fear

  This feared complication has been reported to occur in up to 8% of patients after undergoing RD repair. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Despite the fact that the pathophysiological mechanisms that determine the course of recovery after retinal detachment, many studies have identified that some of the risk factors that facilitate a poorer prognosis (eg. delayed recognition and initiation of treatment) are highly preventable [9], primarily by conducting a proper ophthalmological examination and follow-up after retinal detachment. Physicians must consider proliferative vitreoretinopathy in the differential diagnosis of progressive visual acuity disturbances and loss of vision in patients who underwent surgical treatment for retinal detachment, meaning that a meticulously obtained patient history is vital in the diagnostic workup. Visual acuity testing is mandatory in all patients, and after clinical suspicion is raised, a dilated fundus examination is often sufficient to detect proliferative vitreoretinopathy [8]. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy can provide an insight into the retinal pathology [1], but ocular endoscopy has become a valuable tool (among many diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography, angiography, etc.) in the assessment of the retina, the ciliary body, and the vitreous body [10].

• Foam Cell

  A histological examination revealed that the epiretinal membrane consisted of collagen fibers, glial proliferation, foam cells and lymphocytes. The foam cell in the epiretinal membrane is a characteristic finding in an eye with Coats' disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Both groups will receive the standard surgical treatment appropriate for their eye condition and routine peri-operative treatment and care, differing only in the addition of the supplementary adjunctive agent in the treatment group. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a still incompletely defined term for a pathological process that occurs after retinal detachment and subsequent surgical treatment. [symptoma.com]

Recent advances in ocular drug delivery methods and the development of novel bioactive compounds could lead to new ways for the treatment of PVR. [eurekaselect.com]

Various intrinsic factors (severity of detachment, delay in diagnosis, the presence of vitreous hemorrhage, macular involvement, etc.) determine the extent of visual symptoms and the prognosis. [symptoma.com]

Thus, the identification of this type of intraretinal PVR is crucial for planning surgery and it is important information for the prognosis for each patient. [touchophthalmology.com]

Prognosis of syphilitic uveitis after appropriate therapy is classically regarded as favorable. [joii-journal.springeropen.com]

Generally, these have a poorer long-term prognosis for vision and successful surgical outcome despite the fact that they may be easier to peel intraoperatively than less mature, fresh membranes. [healio.com]

When the concentrations of IGFBP-6 or KNG1 were greater than 98.5 pg/ml or 88.5 ng/ml, respectively, they predicted the PVR prognosis with both a sensitivity and specificity of 80 per cent. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hambartsumyan Med Sci Monit 2000; 6(4): CR704-707 ID: 508170 The aim of the current study is the efficiency assessment of C3F8 gas usage in posterior vitrectomies in patients having retinal detachment of different etiologies with presence of proliferative [medscimonit.com]

Dis. ... dokt. med. nauk [The role of vitrectomy in treatment of eye diseases of traumatic, degenerative and inflammatory etiology. DSc Thesis]. Moscow; 1987. 8. Zakharov V.D., Sharipova D.N., Shatskikh A.V. [cyberleninka.ru]

Etiologic mechanisms in diabetic retinopathy. In: Ryan SJ, editor. Retina, vol II. St Louis: CV Mosby, 1989:301–26. 27 Sheiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E. [nature.com]

Keywords: Osteoporosis/complications; Vitreoretinopathy, proliferative; Retinopathy of prematurity; Eye diseases, hereditary/etiology; Fluorescein angiography; Fundus oculi; Visual acuity; Vitreous body/surgery; Retinal detachment; Human; Female; Child [scielo.br]

Laatikainen L, Tolppanen EM, Harju H: Epidemiology of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a Finnish population. Acta Ophthalmol 1985;63:59-64. [karger.com]

Posttraumatic proliferative yitreoretinopathy: the epidemiologic profile, onset, risk factors, and visual outcome. Ophthalmology 1997; 104 : 1166–1173 15 Sobaci G, Mutlu FM, Bayer A, Karagui S, Yildirim E. [nature.com]

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS PVR occurs following surgical repair of retinal detachment but can develop in untreated cases, particularly those that are long-standing or with large breaks. [medtextfree.wordpress.com]

Epidemiology Frequency United States Of all retinal detachment surgery cases, 5-10% develop proliferative vitreoretinopathy. [8] International Worldwide incidence is the same as that in the United States. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Further study is needed to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this correlation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Intravitreal injection of LY prevented tractional retinal detachment in 14 out of 15 animals. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Early detection and treatment of retinal detachment can prevent PVR from occurring, so regular eye examination play an important preventative role. [snec.com.sg]

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