STUDY DESIGN: Observational case series of consecutive patients with admitted or suspected intake of NPS presenting to hospitals in Sweden from November 2013 to February 2014. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Tachycardia

  In the severe cases, agitation, hallucinations, dilated pupils without light reaction, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, myoclonus, muscle rigidity, arrhythmias, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, and/or renal failure were noted. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  However, it produces greater hypertension, and produces some unique stimulant effects not shared with ketamine, such as tachycardia (faster heart rate) and ataxia (unsteadiness). [nationalelfservice.net]

• Aggressive Behavior

  Frank, Prenatal, perinatal, and adolescent exposure to marijuana: Relationships with aggressive behavior, Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 58, (60), (2016). [doi.org]

• Confusion

  Such confusion is particularly common with regard to the meaning of closely-related terms, as outlined below. [apps.who.int]

  This is the conspiracy theory explanation, but we must also consider that the government is confused. It may think nitric oxide is the same as nitrous oxide. [theguardian.com]

  Stimulant NPS These can make you feel overconfident and disinhibited, induce feelings of anxiety, panic, confusion, paranoia, and even cause psychosis, which can lead you to put your own safety at risk. [talktofrank.com]

  But it is clear to us that allowing a full ban to go ahead in April will cause confusion, and more importantly, could put gay and bi men’s health at serious risk: people who use poppers will be forced to turn to illegal suppliers who could supply poppers [stonewall.org.uk]

There was no significant trend change in the rate of non-NPS related treatment episodes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] and measurement of addictive consumption, the treatment of private costs, the measurement of intangible costs, the treatment of non-workforce mortality and morbidity, the treatment of research, education, law enforcement costs, the estimation of avoidable [who.int]

such as the use of medications, with social and behavioral treatments [apa.org]

Outlook (Prognosis) Drug abuse and dependence may lead to a fatal drug overdose. Some people start taking the drugs again after they have stopped. Relapses can lead to continued dependence. [web.archive.org]

Long-term outlook Once these babies have worked through their withdrawal period, what is their long-term prognosis? The effects of drugs and alcohol on the developing infant can go way beyond just the physical symptoms. [sheknows.com]

CONCLUSIONS: It might be important to consider temperamental traits as protective- and risk factors in the etiology, prevention and therapy of substance abuse in future. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Factors explaining variance in beliefs among addiction-treatment providers regarding the etiology of addiction were investigated ( n = 295). [doi.org]

Medical Complications of Drug Use 840 Acute and Chronic Pain 863 Substance Use Disorders in Individuals with CoOccurring Psychiatric Disorders 904 Epidemiology and Emerging Public Health Perspectives 913 HIVRelated Medical Complications and Treatment [books.google.com]

This dynamic situation puts pressure on drug monitoring organisations that use wastewater-based epidemiology as they find it difficult to keep up with the changes. [spectroscopynow.com]

KEYWORDS: Acute toxicity; Emergency Room; epidemiology; prescription medicines [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The Global Burden of Disease note that the range of epidemiological studies they draw upon for global and national estimates are unequally distributed across disorders, age groups, countries and epidemiological parameters. 16 Utilising these studies to [ourworldindata.org]

Part I: pharmacology, epidemiology and therapy]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2010;78:297-305. [doi.org]

Springer 2013 Gasotransmitters: Physiology and Pathophysiology Kimura H (Part:Contributor, Physiological and pathophysiological functions of hydrogen sulfide.) [researchmap.jp]

David P Finn, Maria-Paz Viveros and Eva M Marco, The endocannabinoid system and emotional processing: pathophysiology and therapeutic potential, Journal of Psychopharmacology, 26, 1, (3), (2012). Shizhong Han, Bao-Zhu Yang, Henry R. [doi.org]

First of all, there is no gene coding specifically for the pathophysiology of addiction. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Our findings suggest that universal education about NPS be incorporated into existing drug prevention programmes, and that targeted NPS prevention may also be warranted among high-risk adolescents. [Champion KE, Teesson M, Newton NC. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

But surely educating people (particularly those in the most vulnerable, risk-taking 16-24 age group) about the various risks of psychoactive substances is key to preventing harm. [theconversation.com]

(a) Notwithstanding any other law, the City and County of San Francisco may approve entities to establish and operate overdose prevention programs for persons 18 years of age or older that satisfy the requirements set forth in subdivision (c). [leginfo.legislature.ca.gov]

If proper differentiation was made between groups of drug users and different types of drugs and motivations for using them, effective allocation of prevention resources and drug policies could possibly be the best option for reducing harm and to prevent [omicsonline.org]