Suppurative meningitis was diagnosed when neutrophils were present in the meninges in numbers in excess of what seemed likely to be associated with any hemorrhage present ( Fig. 4 ). Meningitis was present in 3 of 14 animals. [nature.com]

This issue outlines common presentations of intoxication from synthetic cannabinoids, cathinones, and phenethylamines and summarizes best practices for evaluating and managing patients who present with intoxication after consumption of these synthetic [ebmedicine.net]

Anthrax typically falls into one of three distinct categories of clinical presentation: cutaneous, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal. Cutaneous anthrax is the most common presentation in humans. [infectionlandscapes.org]

Snapshot A 40-year-old farmer from rural China presents to a local hospital for fever and cough. He reports to have had a nonproductive cough for a few days and feels more short of breath and lightheaded this morning. [medbullets.com]

In 2001, all 6 survivors presented for medical care in the “intermediate-progressive” stage [1,3]. [upmc-cbn.org]

• Fever

  Clinical Mediastinal widening, pleural effusions, fever, nonproductive cough, myalgia, malaise, haemorrhage, cyanosis, SOB, stridor, shock, death; often accompanied by mesenteric lymphadenitis, diffuse abdominal pain and fever. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  ( A78 ) rheumatic fever ( I00 ) schistosomiasis ( B65.0- B65.9 ) Type 1 Excludes candidial pneumonia ( B37.1 ) chlamydial pneumonia ( J16.0 ) gonorrheal pneumonia ( A54.84 ) histoplasmosis pneumonia ( B39.0- B39.2 ) measles pneumonia ( B05.2 ) nocardiosis [icd10data.com]

  This is followed by an abrupt overt flu-like illness with fever and chills, leading quickly to prostration, shock, collapse and death. [hps.scot.nhs.uk]

  You could have: Flulike symptoms including fever, fatigue, body aches, and sore throat. These can last a few hours or days. [webmd.com]

  Signs of spreading infection include fever, chills, and swollen lymph glands close to the area of the sore. [medbroadcast.com]

• Fatigue

  Features of inhalation anthrax: rapid onset of severe, un-explained febrile illness (fever, chills, fatigue, non-productive cough) rapid onset of severe sepsis not due to a predisposing illness abrupt onset respiratory failure and the presence of widened [gpnotebook.com]

  Common early symptoms of inhalation anthrax are often similar to those seen with the flu and may include: Fever Nausea Vomiting Aches Fatigue. Inhalation anthrax symptoms can progress to: Labored breathing Shock Death. [anthrax.emedtv.com]

  Clinical Meningeal symptoms, nuchal rigidity, fever, fatigue, myalgia, headache, nausea, vomiting, agitation, seizures, delirium, followed by neurologic degeneration and death. pulmonary anthrax Inhalation anthrax, see there. pul·mo·nar·y an·thrax ( pulmŏ-nar-ē [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  You could have: Flulike symptoms including fever, fatigue, body aches, and sore throat. These can last a few hours or days. [webmd.com]

• Malaise

  […] symptoms: substantial impairment in shortterm memory or concentration; sore throat; tender lymph nodes; muscle pain; multi-joint pain without swelling or redness; headaches of a new type, pattern, or severity; unrefreshing sleep; and post-exertional malaise [books.google.com]

  Pulmonary – entry is through inhalation of spores and illness begins insidiously with mild symptoms of slight fever and malaise lasting a few days. [hps.scot.nhs.uk]

  Clinical Mediastinal widening, pleural effusions, fever, nonproductive cough, myalgia, malaise, haemorrhage, cyanosis, SOB, stridor, shock, death; often accompanied by mesenteric lymphadenitis, diffuse abdominal pain and fever. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Symptoms of inhalation anthrax: Begins with fever, malaise, headache, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain Fever and shock may occur later Symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax usually occur within 1 week and may include: Abdominal pain Bloody diarrhea [medlineplus.gov]

• Veterinarian

  Veterinarians and people whose jobs involve handling livestock typically are vaccinated against the disease if they work in high-risk areas of the world. [humanillnesses.com]

  There is a vaccine available for people at high risk (such as veterinarians, laboratory technicians, employees of textile mills processing imported goat hair, and members of the armed forces). The Department of Defense and the U.S. [medicinenet.com]

  People most at risk for cutaneous anthrax include farm workers, veterinarians, tanners, and wool workers. Inhalation anthrax develops when anthrax spores enter the lungs through the airways. [medlineplus.gov]

  Humans have an increased risk of getting anthrax if they: work with anthrax in a laboratory work with livestock as a veterinarian (less likely in the United States) handle animal skins from areas with a high risk of anthrax (not common in the United States [healthline.com]

  Each monkey was examined by a veterinarian prior to inclusion in the study and again prior to aerosol exposure and found to be free of malformations or clinical signs of disease. [nature.com]

• High Fever

  fever, dyspnea, confusion, syncope, increasing nausea and vomiting. [upmc-cbn.org]

  Shortness of breath, high fever, fast heart rate, and heavy sweating then develop. Meningitis (swelling of the brain) and pain in the abdomen follow. Few survive more than a few days beyond the development of these types of symptoms. [medbroadcast.com]

  High fever, difficulty breathing, cyanosis, and shock characterize this next phase. Death is universal in untreated cases and may occur in as many as 100% of treated cases if therapy is started more than 48 hours after symptoms begin. [rnceus.com]

  Symptoms include high fever, extreme shortness of breath, shock, and rapid death within 48 hours in fatal cases. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Cough

  Clinical Mediastinal widening, pleural effusions, fever, nonproductive cough, myalgia, malaise, haemorrhage, cyanosis, SOB, stridor, shock, death; often accompanied by mesenteric lymphadenitis, diffuse abdominal pain and fever. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Snapshot A 40-year-old farmer from rural China presents to a local hospital for fever and cough. He reports to have had a nonproductive cough for a few days and feels more short of breath and lightheaded this morning. [medbullets.com]

  […] is not a valid MySQL result resource in /home/kidsnetau/dictionary_content.txt on line 15 Dictionary Definition of pulmonary anthrax a form of anthrax infection acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis; initial symptoms (chill and cough [dictionary.kids.net.au]

  […] and Human Services Office on Women's Health Alveolar abnormalities (Medical Encyclopedia) Blood gases (Medical Encyclopedia) Breath sounds (Medical Encyclopedia) Chemical pneumonitis (Medical Encyclopedia) Chest tube insertion (Medical Encyclopedia) Coughing [icdlist.com]

  Features of inhalation anthrax: rapid onset of severe, un-explained febrile illness (fever, chills, fatigue, non-productive cough) rapid onset of severe sepsis not due to a predisposing illness abrupt onset respiratory failure and the presence of widened [gpnotebook.com]

• Pleural Effusion

  effusions on chest x-ray nausea sweats (often drenching) confusion or altered mental status vomiting pallor or cyanosis raised red cell count dyspnoea tachycardia abdominal pain pleuritic chest pain sore throat (2,3) Gram-positive bacilli seen in blood [gpnotebook.com]

  The lymphatic stasis manifests as an early onset pleural effusion and peripheral infiltrates, representing thickened bronchovascular bundles, detectable on chest X-ray. [wikidoc.org]

  effusions, dyspnea, cyanosis, stridor, and shock. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Dyspnea

  […] fatal form of anthrax due to inhalation of dust containing anthrax spores, which are transported to the regional lymph nodes where they germinate, multiply, and produce toxin, and characterized by hemorrhagic edematous mediastinitis, pleural effusions, dyspnea [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  […] valid MySQL result resource in /home/kidsnetau/dictionary_content.txt on line 15 Dictionary Definition of pulmonary anthrax a form of anthrax infection acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis; initial symptoms (chill and cough and dyspnea [dictionary.kids.net.au]

  The “late stage developed abruptly, with sudden fever, dyspnea, diaphoresis, and shock... A chest radiograph most often showed a widened mediastinum consistent with lymphadenopathy. Up to half of patients developed hemorrhagic meningitis. [upmc-cbn.org]

  […] exam cutaneous anthrax initial lesion is a painless and pruritic papule with central vesicle or bulla this progresses to painless and necrotic black eschar surrounded by edema eschar sloughs off at day 14 pulmonary anthrax mediastinitis shock hypoxia dyspnea [medbullets.com]

  He characterized with mild fever, dyspnea, pussy non-bloody sputum, anorexia, and myalgia. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

• Productive Cough

  Features of inhalation anthrax: rapid onset of severe, un-explained febrile illness (fever, chills, fatigue, non-productive cough) rapid onset of severe sepsis not due to a predisposing illness abrupt onset respiratory failure and the presence of widened [gpnotebook.com]

  Fever, chills, drenching sweats, profound fatigue, minimally productive cough, nausea and vomiting, and chest discomfort were symptoms reported by most patients. [rnceus.com]

  Snapshot A 40-year-old farmer from rural China presents to a local hospital for fever and cough. He reports to have had a nonproductive cough for a few days and feels more short of breath and lightheaded this morning. [medbullets.com]

  During the first several days, symptoms are non-specific with myalgia, fatigue that may be profound, fever and chills, sweats, minimal non-productive cough, nausea or vomiting and some chest discomfort. [antimicrobe.org]

• Sputum

  Smears from pustules, sputum, CSF. ; 2. Blood culture Pinterest (drsampurna) [histopathology-india.net]

  Tests may include: Blood culture Chest CT scan or chest x-ray Spinal tap to check for infection around the spinal column Sputum culture More tests may be done on fluid or blood samples. Antibiotics are usually used to treat anthrax. [medlineplus.gov]

  He characterized with mild fever, dyspnea, pussy non-bloody sputum, anorexia, and myalgia. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

  The bacteria may be found in cultures or smears in cutaneous (skin) anthrax and in throat swabs and sputum in pulmonary anthrax. Chest X-rays may also show characteristic changes in and between the lungs. [medicinenet.com]

• Vomiting

  […] hemoptysis chest pain gastrointestinal anthrax nausea and vomiting dysentery abdominal pain Physical exam cutaneous anthrax initial lesion is a painless and pruritic papule with central vesicle or bulla this progresses to painless and necrotic black [medbullets.com]

  Clinical Fever, diffuse abdominal pain with rebound tenderness, melanic stools, coffee grounds vomit, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, shock; death is due to intestinal perforation or anthrax toxemia. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Following an asymptomatic incubation period, patients in the first, or early stage, “developed a spectrum of nonspecific symptoms, which could include fever, dyspnea, cough, headache, vomiting, chills, weakness, abdominal pain, and chest pain. [upmc-cbn.org]

  […] non-productive cough) rapid onset of severe sepsis not due to a predisposing illness abrupt onset respiratory failure and the presence of widened mediastinum or pleural effusions on chest x-ray nausea sweats (often drenching) confusion or altered mental status vomiting [gpnotebook.com]

• Nausea

  […] and vomiting hemoptysis chest pain gastrointestinal anthrax nausea and vomiting dysentery abdominal pain Physical exam cutaneous anthrax initial lesion is a painless and pruritic papule with central vesicle or bulla this progresses to painless and necrotic [medbullets.com]

  Shortness of breath Nausea Coughing up blood Pain when you swallow An uncomfortable feeling in your chest Dizziness or confusion Sweating If it worsens, you could also have other symptoms like shock or trouble breathing, or develop a condition called [webmd.com]

  un-explained febrile illness (fever, chills, fatigue, non-productive cough) rapid onset of severe sepsis not due to a predisposing illness abrupt onset respiratory failure and the presence of widened mediastinum or pleural effusions on chest x-ray nausea [gpnotebook.com]

  Common early symptoms of inhalation anthrax are often similar to those seen with the flu and may include: Fever Nausea Vomiting Aches Fatigue. Inhalation anthrax symptoms can progress to: Labored breathing Shock Death. [anthrax.emedtv.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Clinical Fever, diffuse abdominal pain with rebound tenderness, melanic stools, coffee grounds vomit, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, shock; death is due to intestinal perforation or anthrax toxemia. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  pain pleuritic chest pain sore throat (2,3) Gram-positive bacilli seen in blood cultures (if taken before antibiotic treatment), usually after 2-3 days of onset of illness. [gpnotebook.com]

  […] gastrointestinal anthrax nausea and vomiting dysentery abdominal pain Physical exam cutaneous anthrax initial lesion is a painless and pruritic papule with central vesicle or bulla this progresses to painless and necrotic black eschar surrounded by edema [medbullets.com]

  People who contract intestinal anthrax develop abdominal pain and fever between 3 and 7 days after exposure, and typically death follows soon after. People who contract anthrax by inhalation may first have flu-like symptoms. [health.nsw.gov.au]

• Chest Pain

  […] x-ray nausea sweats (often drenching) confusion or altered mental status vomiting pallor or cyanosis raised red cell count dyspnoea tachycardia abdominal pain pleuritic chest pain sore throat (2,3) Gram-positive bacilli seen in blood cultures (if taken [gpnotebook.com]

  pain gastrointestinal anthrax nausea and vomiting dysentery abdominal pain Physical exam cutaneous anthrax initial lesion is a painless and pruritic papule with central vesicle or bulla this progresses to painless and necrotic black eschar surrounded [medbullets.com]

  Following an asymptomatic incubation period, patients in the first, or early stage, “developed a spectrum of nonspecific symptoms, which could include fever, dyspnea, cough, headache, vomiting, chills, weakness, abdominal pain, and chest pain. [upmc-cbn.org]

• Tachycardia

  […] predisposing illness abrupt onset respiratory failure and the presence of widened mediastinum or pleural effusions on chest x-ray nausea sweats (often drenching) confusion or altered mental status vomiting pallor or cyanosis raised red cell count dyspnoea tachycardia [gpnotebook.com]

• Papule

  Initial papule is surrounded by edema and hyperemia. Papule becomes vesicle and ruptures with central necrosis forming ragged, black ulcer, surrounded by minute vesicles and papules. This painless ulcer is called an eschar. [histopathology-india.net]

  Symptoms pulmonary anthrax flu-like syndrome with non-productive cough nausea and vomiting hemoptysis chest pain gastrointestinal anthrax nausea and vomiting dysentery abdominal pain Physical exam cutaneous anthrax initial lesion is a painless and pruritic papule [medbullets.com]

  The initial symptom was often a papule or pimple resembling an insect bite that developed into a blister-like elevation on the skin. [rnceus.com]

  Cutaneous anthrax, the most common form of naturally occurring disease, begins as a small, painless, pruritic papule that within 2 days enlarges, develops vesicles, and ulcerates to form an eschar. [antimicrobe.org]

• Myalgia

  Clinical Mediastinal widening, pleural effusions, fever, nonproductive cough, myalgia, malaise, haemorrhage, cyanosis, SOB, stridor, shock, death; often accompanied by mesenteric lymphadenitis, diffuse abdominal pain and fever. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  He characterized with mild fever, dyspnea, pussy non-bloody sputum, anorexia, and myalgia. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

  After the incubation period, a nonspecific flu like illness occurs, with symptoms of fever, myalgia or muscle aches, headache, a non-productive cough, and mild chest discomfort. [rnceus.com]

  During the first several days, symptoms are non-specific with myalgia, fatigue that may be profound, fever and chills, sweats, minimal non-productive cough, nausea or vomiting and some chest discomfort. [antimicrobe.org]

• Headache

  الصفحة 202 - The concurrent occurrence of four or more of the following symptoms: substantial impairment in shortterm memory or concentration; sore throat; tender lymph nodes; muscle pain; multi-joint pain without swelling or redness; headaches of a new [books.google.com]

  Clinical Meningeal symptoms, nuchal rigidity, fever, fatigue, myalgia, headache, nausea, vomiting, agitation, seizures, delirium, followed by neurologic degeneration and death. pulmonary anthrax Inhalation anthrax, see there. pul·mo·nar·y an·thrax ( pulmŏ-nar-ē [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Inhalation anthrax The first symptoms are subtle, gradual and flu -like ( influenza ) with a sore throat and headaches. [medicinenet.com]

  […] spores, such as the undercooked meat of an infected animal, your symptoms could include: Fever, chills Swelling in your neck or glands and pain when you swallow Nausea, loss of appetite, and vomiting, which may be bloody Diarrhea that may be bloody Headache [webmd.com]

• Pulmonary Infiltrate

  Pulmonary anthrax is spread by inhalation of spores in workers handling contaminated wool. the term “inhalational anthrax” has largely replaced the term “pulmonary anthrax” since the active infection occurs in the lymph nodes, rather than the lung itself [gpnotebook.com]

  Because of the patient's progressive respiratory distress and multiorgan dysfunction (as evidenced by progression of pulmonary infiltrates and elevated liver function tests and serum creatinine), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended [academic.oup.com]

• Pleural Effusion on Chest X-Ray

  X-ray: Mediastinal Widening, Pleural Effusion, Pulmonary Infiltrate FBC: to look for raised haemocrit, raised WCC, especially neutrophilia LFT: to look for high transaminases CT Chest if high suspicion and normal Chest X-ray blood culture treatment may [gpnotebook.com]

• X-Ray Abnormal

  Chest X-ray abnormalities associated with inhalation anthrax include mediastinal widening, paratracheal fullness, pleural effusions, parenchymal infiltrates, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. [wikidoc.org]

• Chest X-Ray Abnormal

  Chest X Ray The earliest detectable specific finding indicative of inhalational anthrax is mediastinal widening on posteroanterior chest X-rays. [wikidoc.org]

• Gram-Positive Rods

  rods or Bacillus species identified in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid and assessed not to be a contaminant. [gpnotebook.com]

  Gram stain shows large solid and beaded gram-positive rods, particularly beneath the epithelium. The bacilli are not really visible on the hematoxylin and eosin stain. 2. Inhalation: Pulmonary (Pneumonic) type: Wool Sorter's Disease. [histopathology-india.net]

  Anthrax and Endospores Anthrax is a disease caused by a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Just in case you didn't know, Gram-positive bacteria have a really thick cell wall in comparison to Gram-negative bacteria. [study.com]

• Gram-Positive Bacteria

  Anthrax and Endospores Anthrax is a disease caused by a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Just in case you didn't know, Gram-positive bacteria have a really thick cell wall in comparison to Gram-negative bacteria. [study.com]

  According to laboratory reports, microscopic blood samples revealed presence of gram-positive streptobacilli. [bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com]

• Pleural Effusion

  effusions on chest x-ray nausea sweats (often drenching) confusion or altered mental status vomiting pallor or cyanosis raised red cell count dyspnoea tachycardia abdominal pain pleuritic chest pain sore throat (2,3) Gram-positive bacilli seen in blood [gpnotebook.com]

  The lymphatic stasis manifests as an early onset pleural effusion and peripheral infiltrates, representing thickened bronchovascular bundles, detectable on chest X-ray. [wikidoc.org]

  effusions, dyspnea, cyanosis, stridor, and shock. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

[…] may be successful in the prodromal stage, but by the time respiratory or bacteraemic symptoms develop, treatment may not arrest the disease before a fatal outcome (2) begin antibiotic treatment to cover B. anthracis - Ciprofloxacin intravenously in combination [gpnotebook.com]

*Early antibiotic treatment of anthrax is essential; delay significantly lessens chances for survival. [stepwards.com]

The problem is that many people don’t seek treatment until it’s too late. Without treatment, the chances of death from anthrax increase. According to the U.S. [healthline.com]

Treatment and Prevention Anthrax is prevented with immunization and antibiotic treatment for those people who have been exposed to anthrax. Pre-exposure immunization is not recommended for the general population. [medbroadcast.com]

Transmission inhalation of spores Incubation Period one to six days Symptoms 1. initial flu-like symptoms except for the runny nose 2. hemorrhagic pneumonia and respiratory failure 3. shock and death 4. potential for long-term memory damage in survivors Prognosis [quizlet.com]

What is the prognosis for anthrax infections? The prognosis for anthrax infections depends on the type of infection and how rapidly antibiotic treatment is initiated. [medicinenet.com]

Associated conditions cutaneous anthrax most common pulmonary anthrax “woolsorter’s disease” gastrointestinal anthrax Prevention post-exposure prophylaxis 3 doses of anthrax vaccine 60 days of a single antibiotic ciprofloxacin or doxycycline are first line Prognosis [medbullets.com]

Based on clinical, radiologic, and microbiologic findings from these 11 patients, a new 3 level clinical staging system has been proposed [1]: STAGE NEW CLINICAL STAGING SYSTEM FOR INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX PROGNOSIS Early-prodromal stage Unchanged from original [upmc-cbn.org]

[…] factors Working with animals, travelers, postal workers, military personnel [3] Diagnostic method Based on antibodies or toxin in the blood, microbial culture [4] Prevention Anthrax vaccination, antibiotics [3] [5] Treatment Antibiotics, antitoxin [6] Prognosis [en.wikipedia.org]

Definition / general "Coal" in Greek; refers to black coloration of skin eschar Epidemiology 2,000 cases per year worldwide - 95% are skin infections Etiology An uncommon, cutaneous infection due to endospores of Bacillus anthracis, a common soil organism [pathologyoutlines.com]

Anthrax by Sarah Schoenfelder Disease Etiology, Characteristics, and Identification: Anthrax is a disease of microbial origin caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, a Gram‐positive, endospore‐forming rod. [austincc.edu]

The etiology of anthrax, based on the ontogenesis of Bacillus anthracis ], Cohns ^ Hongbin Liu; Nicholas H. Bergman; Brendan Thomasan; Shamira Shallom; Alyson Hazen; Joseph Crossno; David A. Rasko; Jacques Ravel; Timothy D. Read; Scott N. [en.wikipedia.org]

Epidemiology Anthrax is usually a disease of herbivorous mammals and is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The ability of this organism to form spores and survive for many years in a dormant state is a key feature of its epidemiology. [hps.scot.nhs.uk]

During the ensuing epidemiologic investigation, a previously proved case of fatal inhalation anthrax in a fifty-year-old housewife was uncovered. [nejm.org]

Definition / general "Coal" in Greek; refers to black coloration of skin eschar Epidemiology 2,000 cases per year worldwide - 95% are skin infections Etiology An uncommon, cutaneous infection due to endospores of Bacillus anthracis, a common soil organism [pathologyoutlines.com]

[…] anthracis spore-forming and exotoxin-forming gram + rod capsule protects against phagocytosis the only bacterial with polypeptide capsule (poly-D-glutamate) transmission inhalation of spores direct contact of spores to a skin break ingestion of spores Epidemiology [medbullets.com]

Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(10):1019-28. Brachman PS. Inhalation anthrax. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;353:83-93. Dr. [upmc-cbn.org]

• Cannabinoids: Emerging Topics in Use and Abuse Aug 2018 2,450 views This issue reviews the pathophysiology and clinical findings associated with cannabinoid use, including acute intoxication, the recent emergence of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome [ebmedicine.net]

A vaccine to prevent anthrax is available for people in the military and others at high risk. [icdlist.com]

WAS THERE A WAY TO PREVENT IT? Preventing exposure to B anthracis spores is the key to avoiding this infection. WHAT ELSE ARE WE WORRIED ABOUT? Spread of the infection! [stepwards.com]

Antimicrobial prophylaxis is used to prevent the condition. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published interim guidelines for investigation and response to Bacillus anthracis infection. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

How can anthrax be prevented? If a person has been exposed to anthrax but is not yet sick, healthcare providers will prescribe antibiotics to prevent infection. [vdh.virginia.gov]

Control and Prevention. Animal vaccines for livestock have been the cornerstone of anthrax prevention for more than one hundred years. [infectionlandscapes.org]