A discussion of the case presented aims to provide clinicians with a clearer understanding of the clinical findings, etiology, and management of TSPK. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Case presentation A 15-year-old boy presented with long-term ocular symptoms of foreign body sensation, burning, irritation, tearing, and transient photophobia. One year's treatment with steroidal agents had led to only partial improvement. [doi.org]

• Foreign Body Sensation

  A 15-year-old boy presented with long-term ocular symptoms of foreign body sensation, burning, irritation, tearing, and transient photophobia. One year's treatment with steroidal agents had led to only partial improvement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Case presentation A 15-year-old boy presented with long-term ocular symptoms of foreign body sensation, burning, irritation, tearing, and transient photophobia. One year's treatment with steroidal agents had led to only partial improvement. [doi.org]

  Clinical features: Symptoms: Patients usually present with bilateral keratitis Characteristic remissions and exacerbations of tearing, foreign body sensation, and photophobia over several years. [dro.hs.columbia.edu]

  Symptoms Typically, the patient is young, usually under 40 years of age, and complains of foreign body sensation, photophobia (aversion to light), and tearing. [healthcentral.com]

• Corneal Opacity

  A 29-year-old woman with a 5-year history of decreased visual acuity in both eyes had bilateral honeycomb-shaped corneal opacities, located mainly in the superficial central cornea. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Clinically it appears as multiple, punctate or circular, gray, superficial corneal opacities that may or may not be ulcerated (Figure 11.22 ). The condition is bilateral and lesions are frequently symmetric. [aibolita.com]

  Every attempt to taper the cyclosporin A treatment resulted in a reappearance of symptoms and of corneal opacities. At the most recent follow-up visit, 4.5 years after presentation, the patient was still applying cyclosporin A drops 3 times daily. [doi.org]

  The most common causes of loss of corneal transparency are: Corneal Oedema Drying of Cornea Depositions on Cornea Inflammations of Cornea Corneal Degenerations Dystrophies of cornea Vascularization of cornea Scarring of Cornea Corneal Opacities [ edit [en.wikibooks.org]

• Conjunctival Injection

  There was only trace conjunctival injection. On slit-lamp examination, discrete, centrally located, slightly elevated, grayish-white corneal subepithelial opacities were detected, with a granular texture bilaterally (Figure 1 ). [doi.org]

  Upon gross inspection, the affected eye appears normal, with little or no evidence of eyelid swelling, conjunctival injection or corneal edema. [web.archive.org]

  Examination revealed severe conjunctival injection as well as punctate stains on the corneas. [avehjournal.org]

  Slitlamp examination found improvement in the superficial punctate keratitis and conjunctival injection (Figures 8 and 9). The papillary conjunctivitis and corneal infiltrate appeared unchanged. [siliconehydrogels.org]

  Diagnosis Symptoms: Ocular irritation, burning, itching, pain, foreign-body sensation, photophobia, and blurred vision Examination: Conjunctival injection/inflammation, decreased tear meniscus, decreased tear break-up time, increased debris in the tear [biotissue.com]

• Conjunctival Hyperemia

  SPK in 5 corneal regions, conjunctival hyperemia, tear breakup time (TBUT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) were examined in a masked manner at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In phase 3 clinical trials of 0.05% and 0.1% ophthalmic emulsions of cyclosporin for the treatment of dry eye disease, the most common treatment-related adverse events were burning eye, stinging eye, and conjunctival hyperemia. [doi.org]

• Burning Eyes

  In phase 3 clinical trials of 0.05% and 0.1% ophthalmic emulsions of cyclosporin for the treatment of dry eye disease, the most common treatment-related adverse events were burning eye, stinging eye, and conjunctival hyperemia. [doi.org]

• Spastic Quadriplegia

  Recessive Mutations in ELOVL4 Cause Ichthyosis, Intellectual Disability, and Spastic Quadriplegia. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Nov 16. [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

• Quadriplegia

  Recessive Mutations in ELOVL4 Cause Ichthyosis, Intellectual Disability, and Spastic Quadriplegia. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Nov 16. [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

• HLA-DR3

  Although its exact etiology is controversial, TSPK has a genetic association with HLA-DR3, an antigen associated with immunogenic responses. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Although TSPK has a genetic association with HLA-DR3, controversy exists regarding its exact etiology. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(8):1038-41. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Darrell RW: Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis: natural history and association with HLA-DR3, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 79:486, 1981. 8.0 8.1 8. [eyewiki.aao.org]

  […] is suggested by the presence of white blood cells in the conjunctiva and corneal epithelium, "by the extended course of the disease, by the therapeutic efficacy of topical corticosteroids," and by the presence in some individuals of an antigen called HLA-DR3 [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

Cases of TSPK in patients ranging in age from 2.5 years to 70 years have been reported, with a mean age of 29 years. [2] Prognosis Regardless of the treatment method selected, the visual prognosis in patients with TSPK is excellent. [2, 3, 4] Patient [emedicine.medscape.com]

Outcome/Prognosis The visual outcome of TSPK is generally good, although some individuals have experienced slightly reduced visual acuity. Bibliography Gock G, Ong K, McClellan K. A classical case of Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

Treatments vary based on stage of disease/degree of ulceration if infectious keratitis develops Prognosis and Future Directions Crack eye syndrome is multifactorial in etiology Results in extensive and chronic corneal changes Repeated corneal trauma and [eyewiki.org]

Prognosis Most problems caused by CLs will make a full recovery following removal of the lens. Neovascularisation and microbial keratitis can cause permanent visual impairment if not treated quickly and adequately. [patient.info]

Although its exact etiology is controversial, TSPK has a genetic association with HLA-DR3, an antigen associated with immunogenic responses. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Certain conditions have both an underlying etiology and multiple body system manifestations due to the underlying etiology. [icd10coded.com]

Marquezan MC, Nascimento H, Vieira LA, Serapião M, Ghanem RC, Belfort R, Freitas D Virological and epidemiological analysis of coxsackievirus A24 variant epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Okinawa, Japan, in 2011. [medicbind.com]

— Pharyngoconjunctival fever, epidemiological studies of a recently recognized disease entity. J.A.M.A., 157, 1083, 1955. [link.springer.com]

Epidemiology Frequency United States The frequency of TSPK in the United States is currently unknown. International The worldwide frequency of TSPK is unknown. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Corneal lesions show a tendency for the central pupillary area distribution with mild or absent conjunctival inflammation and no association to systemic disease. [1] [2] There are no specific data on the epidemiology of the disease. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Pathophysiology A review of the literature suggests the pathophysiology of TSPK remains unclear, although viral and immunogenic components are both likely in the disease's formation. [emedicine.medscape.com]

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The etiology of Thygeson's SPK is unknown. Research indicates, however, that the condition may be caused by a chronic subclinical viral infection affecting the deeper layers of the corneal basal epithelium. [web.archive.org]

The pathophysiology of TSPK remains unknown. Both, viral and immunologic mechanisms have been implicated. Adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and varicella zoster virus, have all been implicated as a possible causes of the disease. [eyewiki.aao.org]

[…] scan OU Retina flat, no detachments, no masses OU Crack eye syndrome characterized by: Epitheliopathy/epithelial trauma Superficial punctate keratitis Epithelial defects Microbial keratitis Stromal melt and corneal perforation Neurotrophic keratopathy Pathophysiology [eyewiki.org]

Long-term maintenance therapy with cyclosporine may prevent recurrence of corneal ulcers. Contact [aibolita.com]

[…] and conditions: • Injuries due to arc welding overuse of lamps • Exposure to chemicals • Reactions to drugs prescribed for unrelated disorders • Immune or allergic reaction Treatment Eye drops used to act as artificial tears help lubricate the eye and prevent [optometrist.com.au]

Prevent Blindness America. 500 East Remington Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173. (800) 331-2020.. OTHER "Infection-causing Organism Dictates Microbial Keratitis Treatment." Slack Inc. Page. 21 May 1998. "Keratitis." ThriveOnline. 20 May 1998. [dxline.info]

Preventing viral outbreaks Some forms of viral keratitis can't be completely eliminated. [mayoclinic.org]

Dark glasses or welder’s helmets that block UV light are preventive. [merckmanuals.com]