In septic conditions, myocardial abscess symptoms may be concealed by signs of infection of other organs. The presence of a myocardial abscess is suggested by clinical deterioration and abnormal heart rhythm in a patient suspected of infectious endocarditis. This latter entity is associated with new or altered heart murmurs [1], acute or aggravated chronic heart failure signs and little or no response to antibiotics. Abrupt development of complete or Mobitz II heart block, conduction defects [2] or severe ventricular arrhythmias strongly suggest a myocardial abscess. This should also be suspected in sepsis along with the development of an acute myocardial infarction or in those with penetrating chest injuries. Most individuals are febrile and have chills and sweats but severely debilitated, chronic kidney disease or elderly individuals may have normal temperature. Additional symptoms include lack of appetite with weight loss, malaise [3], respiratory symptoms like a cough and dyspnea, general findings like as myalgia, arthralgia, confusion, headache or abdominal pain.

Patients are generally tachycardic and exhibit peripheral endocarditis manifestations: Osler nodes, Roth spots, Janeway lesions, petechiae, splenomegaly, clubbing and embolic events, especially neurologic, renal and pulmonary. If the aortic valve is involved, pulse pressure will be wide because of the valvular regurgitation. Catastrophic heart wall rupture, although infrequent, is possible [4], as is the presence of multiple, remote abscesses [5], as opposed to lesions resulting from direct extension from an infected structure, usually valvular [6].

• Splenomegaly

  Patients are generally tachycardic and exhibit peripheral endocarditis manifestations: Osler nodes, Roth spots, Janeway lesions, petechiae, splenomegaly, clubbing and embolic events, especially neurologic, renal and pulmonary. [symptoma.com]

  On examination of the abdomen, mild splenomegaly was present. His complete blood count examination showed moderate anemia (Hb 8.1 gm%), thrombocytopenia (80, 000/cmm), which worsened later to (47,000/cmm,) raised ESR (52 at the end of 1 hr). [jcecho.org]

  There was a moderate pain-ful splenomegaly. The lungs were clear and there was no peripheral edema. The resting electrocardiogram showed left ventricular hypertrophy and 1 mm depre-ssion of the ST segment in DI, aVL, V5 and V6. [romanianjournalcardiology.ro]

  Splenomegaly : most often observed in long-standing subacute disease and often persists after treatment. Meningism/meningitis : purulent disease occurs in acute IE and aseptic variety in subacute IE. [patient.info]

  These include the following: Fever Tachycardia Murmur, especially changing or new murmur Neurological abnormalities Embolic event Splenomegaly Clubbing Peripheral manifestations Osler nodes Splinter hemorrhages Petechiae Janeway lesions Retinal lesions [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Fever

  One week after extubation, he suddenly developed fever and disturbance of consciousness. Candida albicans was detected from blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture. [keio.pure.elsevier.com]

  Fever, chills and signs of pericarditis were the main clinical features. Mild enteritis 1 week prior to the onset of symptoms related to the abscess was the most likely cause of the bacteremia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE During the early 1900’s rheumatic fever and the most serious complication associated with this fever, rheumatic heart disease, were quite common. [atsu.edu]

• Congestive Heart Failure

  New to the third edition are: - Expanded coverage of the coronary heart disease syndromes; congestive heart failure; arrhythmias; pacing; sudden death; lipid management (including clinical results), and a completely revised and updated section on noninvasive [books.google.com]

  Moore PT, Proto AV (1984) Juxtacardiac mass and congestive heart failure. Chest 86(1):95–96 PubMed Google Scholar 10. Escarous A (1989) CT findings of a posterior false aneurysm of the left ventricle (letter). [link.springer.com]

  Heart valve insufficiency. Congestive heart failure. Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. Aortic root or myocardial abscesses. Arterial emboli, infarctions, mycotic aneurysms. Arthritis, myositis. Glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury. Stroke syndromes. [patient.info]

  A S3 gallop indicates left-sided congestive heart failure. [atsu.edu]

  This may also result in hematogenous seeding and disseminated tuberculosis. 9 Clinically, tuberculomas may be asymptomatic or may present with arrhythmias, 5 complete heart block, 8, 10 congestive heart failure, 11 superior vena caval obstruction, 12 [cmaj.ca]

• Malaise

  Additional symptoms include lack of appetite with weight loss, malaise, respiratory symptoms like a cough and dyspnea, general findings like as myalgia, arthralgia, confusion, headache or abdominal pain. [symptoma.com]

  A 63-year-old woman with aplastic anaemia was admitted to hospital for fever and malaise. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a cavitary nodular lesion in the left lower lobe, which was highly suspicious for pulmonary aspergilloma (Figure 1A-1). [emvmsa1a.jouve-hdi.com]

  Case presentation A 28-year-old intravenous drug user was admitted in a district general hospital with a 2-week history of fever, malaise and myalgia. He had no past medical history of note. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

  […] endocarditis include congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, IV drug use, degenerative valve disease and intracardiac devices. [1], [2] Clinical manifestations of infective endocarditis include high grade fever, chills, sweating, anorexia, malaise [jcecho.org]

  A protracted history of sweats, weight loss, anorexia or malaise and an at-risk cardiac lesion (see 'Risk factors', above). Any new unexplained embolic event (eg, cerebral or limb ischaemia). Unexplained, persistently positive blood cultures. [patient.info]

• Intravenous Drugs

  Minor criteria Predisposition: predisposing heart condition or intravenous drug use. Fever: temperature >38°C. [patient.info]

  Wiegers SE, Plehm JF, Rajail-Khorasani A, Knowlton AA (1988) Purulent pericarditis and ventricular pseudoaneurysm in an intravenous drug abuser. Am Heart J 116(6):1635–1637 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 3. [link.springer.com]

  Minor Criteria Predisposing heart condition or intravenous drug use Fever >= 38.0 C (100.4 F) Vascular phenomena: major arterial emboli, septic pulmonary infarcts, mycotic aneurysm, intracranial hemorrhage, conjunctival hemorrhage, Janeway lesions Immunologic [uphs.upenn.edu]

  Risk factors include the presence of a prosthetic heart valve, structural or congenital heart disease, intravenous drug use, and a recent history of invasive procedures. [aafp.org]

  Intravenous drug users are at higher risk of developing endocarditis due to their propensity to inject bacterially contaminated solutions intravenously. [atsu.edu]

• Asymptomatic

  Myocardial abscess can manifest in a variety of clinical scenarios ranging from an asymptomatic state to a catastrophic myocardial wall rupture. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This may also result in hematogenous seeding and disseminated tuberculosis. 9 Clinically, tuberculomas may be asymptomatic or may present with arrhythmias, 5 complete heart block, 8, 10 congestive heart failure, 11 superior vena caval obstruction, 12 [cmaj.ca]

  Asymptomatic myocardial abscess. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988 Dec. 36(6):338-40. [Medline]. Cerqueira MD, Jacobson AF. Indium-111 leukocyte scintigraphic detection of myocardial abscess formation in patients with endocarditis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Heart Disease

  Elsevier Health Sciences, ١٨‏/٠٩‏/٢٠٠٩ - 468 من الصفحات Valvular Heart Disease is now an even better source for all your questions on dysfunctions or abnormalities of the heart’s four valves. [books.google.com]

  The relative incidence of myocardial abscesses occurring in the presence of acute or chronic ischemic heart disease is unknown. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  They include: rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease (i.e., bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot), mitral valve prolapse, degenerative heart disease (e.g., calcific aortic valve disease [atsu.edu]

  429.89 rheumatic - see Disease, heart, rheumatic Clot (blood) atrial appendage 429.89 Disease, diseased - see also Syndrome heart (organic) 429.9 with amyloid 277.39 [ 425.7 ] aortic (valve) (see also Endocarditis, aortic) 424.1 arteriosclerotic or [icd9data.com]

  CASE REPORT A 46 year old Italian male barber, with the diagnosis of inactive rheumatic heart disease, had been followed for a long period. [annals.org]

• Tachycardia

  A 62-year-old female experienced a ventricular aneurysm and tachycardia caused by coronary embolism from mitral valve endocarditis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Resolution of ventricular tachycardia and endocardial tuberculoma following antituberculous therapy. Chest 1991 ; 100 (5): 1467 -9. 6. ↵ Schnitzer R. Myocardial tuberculosis with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. [cmaj.ca]

  The main signs and symptoms includes: Fever and chills Murmur – an abnormal heart sound Tachycardia – a rapid heart rate Hand lesions – Osler nodes and Janeway lesions These three main symptoms are also accompanied by other less specific symptoms, including [healthhype.com]

  Coronary embolism and subsequent myocardial abscess complicating ventricular aneurysm and tachycardia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Dec. 80(6):2366-8. [Medline]. Adams BK. Tc-99m leukocyte scintigraphy in infective endocarditis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Carditis is most commonly detected when a new heart murmur has been auscultated or when tachycardia out of proportion to the fever is observed. [atsu.edu]

• Cardiomegaly

  The chest X-Ray revealed mild cardiomegaly and normal pulmonary vascular markings. [romanianjournalcardiology.ro]

  Mild cardiomegaly was noted on chest radiograph. 2D ECHO on 4/11/2013 showed good left ventricular function, Grade II mitral regurgitation, moderate MS, large vegetations over anterior mitral leaflelet measuring 19 × 6 mm [Figure 1]. [jcecho.org]

• Prolapse

  It is associated with mitral valve disease, especially mitral valve prolapse due to myxomatous/floppy Figure 2.12. Gross photograph of opened aortic root and aortic valve at autopsy. [barnardhealth.us]

  Bacterial endocarditis usually occurs on valves previously damaged by other disease processes (for example rheumatic heart disease or mitral valve prolapse). Sometimes Congenital heart disease may present as a risk factor for cardiac sepsis. [jcecho.org]

  Because mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is more common in women than in men, myocardial abscess is also more common in women than in men. Among persons who abuse intravenous drugs, myocardial abscess is more prevalent in men (65%-80%). [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] abnormalities of the heart are present in 75 percent of patients with infectious endocarditis. 5 Historically, rheumatic heart disease was the most common cardiac abnormality in infectious endocarditis 6 ; however, degenerative lesions such as mitral valve prolapse [aafp.org]

  They include: rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease (i.e., bicuspid aortic valve, ventricular septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot), mitral valve prolapse, degenerative heart disease (e.g., calcific aortic valve disease [atsu.edu]

• Sweating

  Most individuals are febrile and have chills and sweats but severely debilitated, chronic kidney disease or elderly individuals may have normal temperature. [symptoma.com]

  […] and symptoms includes: Fever and chills Murmur – an abnormal heart sound Tachycardia – a rapid heart rate Hand lesions – Osler nodes and Janeway lesions These three main symptoms are also accompanied by other less specific symptoms, including: Night sweats [healthhype.com]

  The patient had a 2-week history of intermittent fever up to 39°C, dyspnea and sweating. There was also a history of recent dental treatment one month before, with multiple teeth extraction. [romanianjournalcardiology.ro]

  […] conditions for infective endocarditis include congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, IV drug use, degenerative valve disease and intracardiac devices. [1], [2] Clinical manifestations of infective endocarditis include high grade fever, chills, sweating [jcecho.org]

  Endocarditis should be suspected in patients with unexplained fevers, night sweats, or signs of systemic illness. Diagnosis is made using the Duke criteria, which include clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic findings. [aafp.org]

• Janeway Lesion

  Patients are generally tachycardic and exhibit peripheral endocarditis manifestations: Osler nodes, Roth spots, Janeway lesions, petechiae, splenomegaly, clubbing and embolic events, especially neurologic, renal and pulmonary. [symptoma.com]

  Minor Criteria Predisposing heart condition or intravenous drug use Fever >= 38.0 C (100.4 F) Vascular phenomena: major arterial emboli, septic pulmonary infarcts, mycotic aneurysm, intracranial hemorrhage, conjunctival hemorrhage, Janeway lesions Immunologic [uphs.upenn.edu]

  The main signs and symptoms includes: Fever and chills Murmur – an abnormal heart sound Tachycardia – a rapid heart rate Hand lesions – Osler nodes and Janeway lesions These three main symptoms are also accompanied by other less specific symptoms, including [healthhype.com]

  Vascular phenomena: major arterial emboli, septic pulmonary infarcts, mycotic aneurysm, intracranial haemorrhage, conjunctival haemorrhages and Janeway's lesions. [patient.info]

• Ulcer

  Excerpt from Kalevala[edit] Thus Lowyatar named her offspring, Colic, Pleurisy, and Fever, Ulcer, Plague, and dread Consumption, Gout, Sterility, and Cancer. [en.wikipedia.org]

  They may erode the underlying myocardium, resulting in ulcers that in turn cause thrombus formation and subsequent embolism. [cmaj.ca]

  MAC may ulcerate giving rise to thrombus deposition with potential for embolization and infection. If infected, there is usually leaflet perforation and myocar-dial abscess formation (Figure 2.13) [41]. [barnardhealth.us]

  At the age of 30 he had a subtotal gastrectomy for gastric ulcer. There were no risk factors of coronary artery disease. Physical examination on admission revealed a temperature of 38°C, a pulse rate of 100 bpm and blood pressure of 100/60mmHg. [romanianjournalcardiology.ro]

• Night Sweats

  sweats Joint pains Muscle aches Difficulty breathing Paleness Coughing Swelling – hands, legs and/or abdomen Enlarged and tender spleen It is not uncommon for many of these symptoms to be associated with acute viral infections like the seasonal flu. [healthhype.com]

  Endocarditis should be suspected in patients with unexplained fevers, night sweats, or signs of systemic illness. Diagnosis is made using the Duke criteria, which include clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic findings. [aafp.org]

  Fever is usually accompanied by chills and sometimes by night sweats. Fatigue, anorexia, weakness, myalgias, arthralgias and malaise are common. Debilitating low back pain is a prominent complaint in a small percentage of patients. [atsu.edu]

• Subcutaneous Nodule

  […] tissues (i.e., subcutaneous nodules). [atsu.edu]

• Seizure

  It is the purpose of this communication to record an instance in which the unique occurrence of myocardial abscess, pericarditis and complete heart block with Morgagni-Adams-Stokes seizures was observed. [annals.org]

  He had history of left sided hemiparesis associated with 2 episodes of seizures 2 month back (MRI brain with MRA done showed acute infarct in middle frontal gyrus). He recovered completely. [jcecho.org]

Blood workup in myocardial abscess should include a complete cell blood count, that will highlight the presence of leukocytosis with granulocytosis and inflammatory, normochromic, normocytic anemia. Serum iron level and iron binding capacity are diminished. Low platelet numbers are possible. A complete chemistry panel is useful in order to determine renal and hepatic status at the moment of presentation. Myocardial abscesses are frequently accompanied by azotemia. Inflammatory markers are increased in most patients, with an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of about 55 mm/h. Blood cultures are indispensable and should optimally be obtained before antibiotic therapy is started. Microscopic hematuria and proteinuria are not infrequent.

Chest radiography is only useful in order to assess pulmonary status and cardiac silhouette, which may serve as an indicator for chronic heart failure. Although it has a low sensitivity, a transthoracic echocardiogram is mandatory in order to evaluate heart morphology especially that of the valves, the presence of regurgitations and contractility. A myocardial abscess, although it may not be visible itself, is suggested by the presence of an echo-free space inside the myocardial mass, rocking of prosthetic valves, septum perivalvular density with a diameter that exceeds 14 mm and aneurysmal dilatation of a Valsalva sinus [7]. Real-time 3-dimensional contrast transthoracic echography offers in some cases a reliable description of the pathological process [8], as do transesophageal echocardiography [9], Indium-In 111 leukocyte scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging [10]. However, some cases remain undiagnosed until surgery is performed.

The electrocardiogram often offers little information, but in some patients, gradual PR prolongation or new conduction abnormalities have been described. A cardiac catheterization is only employed in cases that are going to be referred for surgery so that coronary artery disease is confirmed or excluded.

Children, especially if suffering from congenital heart diseases, may also develop infective endocarditis and myocardial abscesses [11], that may be complicated by aneurysm formation [12].

• Neutrophilia

  Laboratory analyses disclosed elevated transaminases and leukocytosis of 32´10 9 with neutrophilia. [revespcardiol.org]

  His blood tests showed leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia and mild normochormic, normocytic anaemia. His electrocardiogram revealed non-specific ST-changes but no conduction abnormality. His chest X-ray was unremarkable. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Increased

  They usually have an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and increased levels of acute phase proteins in their blood stream (e.g., C-reactive protein, complement, alpha 2-macroglobulin). [atsu.edu]

• Streptococcus Pneumoniae

  Other bacteria that may cause a myocardial abscess includes: Bacteroides species Beta-hemolytic streptococci Escherichia coli Enterococci Haemophilus species Streptococcus pneumoniae Certain parasites may also cause a myocardial abscess but this is uncommon [healthhype.com]

  Bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae usually infect the pericardium by extension from an adjacent pneumonitis. [atsu.edu]

  Organisms included Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides species, Escherichia coli, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, in order of decreasing frequency. [6] The propensity of cardiac muscle to develop myocardial [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Leukocytosis

  Blood workup in myocardial abscess should include a complete cell blood count, that will highlight the presence of leukocytosis with granulocytosis and inflammatory, normochromic, normocytic anemia. [symptoma.com]

  Laboratory analyses disclosed elevated transaminases and leukocytosis of 32´10 9 with neutrophilia. [revespcardiol.org]

  His blood tests showed leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia and mild normochormic, normocytic anaemia. His electrocardiogram revealed non-specific ST-changes but no conduction abnormality. His chest X-ray was unremarkable. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

  A peripheral blood complete blood count usually reveals a leukocytosis. [atsu.edu]

  Investigations [ 4 ] Nonspecific signs of infection - eg, elevated CRP or ESR, leukocytosis, anaemia and microscopic haematuria. CXR: as part of the initial assessment. ECG is useful to detect the 10% of patients who will develop conduction defects. [patient.info]

Holmes Springer Science & Business Media, ٠٦‏/١٢‏/٢٠٠٧ - 2926 من الصفحات Cardiovascular Medicine, 3rd Edition offers the most up-to-date, user-friendly guidance on the evaluation, diagnosis and medical and surgical treatment of heart and vascular disease [books.google.com]

The vigorous treatment protocols are available for IE. [drsvenkatesan.com]

Delaying treatment can also lead to a poor response to antibiotics once it is commenced. Prevention of a Myocardial Abscess Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of infective endocarditis may prevent a myocardial abscess from occurring. [healthhype.com]

In addition to reporting this case, we discuss our diagnostic and treatment considerations. To our knowledge, this is only the 4th report of S. aureus bacterial pancarditis with myocardial abscess. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Whether you are attempting to choose a course of therapy, ascertain the optimal timing for intervention, arrive at a prognosis, or determine the possible need for periodic diagnostic evaluation, this is an essential resource you'll consult time and time [books.google.com]

Still the prognosis and outcome with medical management is dismal even in best centers.So the role of surgery in IE has increased over the years.We propose here, a radically different approach to the problem. [drsvenkatesan.com]

The prognosis for a myocardial abscess is good if it is detected early and treated promptly. [healthhype.com]

[…] asymptomatic or may present with arrhythmias, 5 complete heart block, 8, 10 congestive heart failure, 11 superior vena caval obstruction, 12 right ventricular outflow obstruction, 13 aortic insufficiency 14 and sudden cardiac death. 15 In general, the prognosis [cmaj.ca]

Prognosis With early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment, patients improve rapidly. Without surgical intervention, the prognosis worsens very significantly. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Only one of these reports describes a myocardial abscess of bacterial etiology secondary to an infected intravascular hemodialysis catheter. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Looking at the images it can ne seen that when cut the lesion has purulent content, so the a bacterial etiology should be considered in the first place. Pyogenic bacteria arriving to the heart though a hematogenous route. [cresa.cat]

Authors: Hussam Al Soub; Mona Al Maslamani; Jameela Al Khuwaiter; Yasser El Deeb; Mohammed Abu Khattab Related Documents : 8334559 - Etiologic diagnosis of pulmonary infection by ultrasonically guided percutaneous lung a... 15667489 - Pyogenic liver abscess [biomedsearch.com]

Etiology Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus ) is the etiological agent that induces an autoimmune reaction that results in damage to the heart. This complication occurs several weeks after a pharyngeal infection with S pyogenes. [atsu.edu]

However, not uncommonly, these abscesses have a polymicrobial etiology. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Better understanding of the bacteriologic features, pathogenicity, and epidemiology of the S. milleri group should aid clinicians in recognizing and treating properly with this elusive pathogen. [path.upmc.edu]

Epidemiology Frequency United States Myocardial abscess rarely occurs in the United States. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Epidemiology Forced exercise, pregnancy, use of steroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, use of ethanol, and nutritional deficiencies are factors that predispose a patient to symptomatic myocarditis. [atsu.edu]

Epidemiological trends of infective endocarditis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota [published correction appears in Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(8):772]. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(5):422–426. 18. [aafp.org]

Pathophysiology Endocarditis The most common clinical setting for myocardial abscess is as a complication of endocarditis involving either native or prosthetic valves. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology The development of infectious endocarditis requires the presence of bacteria or fungi in the blood and an intracardiac surface on which these microorganisms can attach. [aafp.org]

第12回日本心不全学会　最優秀ポスター賞 尾上 健児 「Soluble Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 1 (sFlt-1), A Candidate Molecule Involved in Pathophysiology of Cardio-Renal Connection」 2. 平成20年度日本腎臓財団公募助成　腎不全病態研究助成 久保 篤史 「胚性幹細胞を用いたエリスロポエチン産生細胞の固定とその産生制御についての検討」 3. [naramed-u.ac.jp]

Prevention of a Myocardial Abscess Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of infective endocarditis may prevent a myocardial abscess from occurring. The focus should therefore be on preventing infective endocarditis. [healthhype.com]

Succinct, targeted coverage of normal childhood growth and development, as well as the diagnosis, management, and prevention of common pediatric diseases and disorders, make this an ideal medical reference book for students, pediatric residents, nurse [books.google.com]

Uncontrolled infection and prevention of embolic phenomena. Large mobile vegetations greater than 10 mm diameter. [jcecho.org]

This increase in pericardial pressure can prevent the lower chambers of the heart from filling properly with blood. This can cause decreases in cardiac output followed by hypotension. [atsu.edu]

1. Arnett EN, Roberts WC. Valve ring abscess in active infective endocarditis. Frequency, location, and clues to clinical diagnosis from the study of 95 necropsy patients. Circulation. 1976;54(1):140-5.
2. Gonzalez Vilchez FJ, Martin Duran R, Delgado Ramis C, et al. Active infective endocarditis complicated by paravalvular abscess. Review of 40 cases. Rev Esp Cardiol. 1991; 44(5):306-12.
3. Vega Moller D, Eske Bruun N. Substantial Myocardial Abscess in an Immunocompromised Patient: Fatal Outcome After Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal Native Valve Infection. JASE. 2007;20(3):333.e5–333.e8.
4. Khan B, Strate RW, Hellman R. Myocardial abscess and fatal cardiac arrhythmia in a hemodialysis patient with an arterio-venous fistula infection. Semin Dial. 2007;20(5):452-4.
5. Shackcloth MJ, Dihmis WC. Contained rupture of a myocardial abscess in the free wall of the left ventricle. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72: 617-9.
6. Anguera I, Quaglio G, Ferrer B, et al. Sudden death in Staphylococcus aureus-associated infective endocarditis due to perforation of a free-wall myocardial abscess. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(8):622–5.
7. Ellis SG, Goldstein J, Popp RL. Detection of endocarditis-associated perivalvular abscesses by two- dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(3):647-53.
8. Walker N, Bhan A, Desai J, et al. Myocardial abscess: a rare complication of valvular endocarditis demonstrated by 3D contrast echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11(10): E37.
9. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, et al. Abscess in infective endocarditis: The value of transesophageal echocardiography and outcome: A 5-year study. Am H Journ. 2007;154: 923-8.
10. Reynier C, Garcier J, Legault B, et al. Cross-sectional imaging of post endocarditis paravalvular myocardial abscesses of native mitral valves: 4 cases. J Radiol. 2001;82: 665-9.
11. Day MD, Gauvreau K, Shulman S, et al. Characteristics of children hospitalized with infective endocarditis. Circulation. 2009;119(6):865-70.
12. Gaur L, Madan S, Morell V, et al. Formation of ventricular aneurysm after endocarditis in a child with methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia. Pediatr Cardiol. 2011;32(7):1062-4.