When fungus balls are present, they may obstruct the renal pelvis or the ureter, resulting in pyonephrosis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Cas Clinique Published: 17 September 2010 Squamous cell carcinoma of the pelvis presenting as pyonephrosis. A case report and review of the literature M. Dakir1, H. Balhouss1, M. Elbaghouli, M. Karkouri2, S. Belhaj2, S. Zamiati, H. Fekak1, R. [link.springer.com]

• Wound Infection

  However, this was associated with a high morbidity and complication rate, including sepsis, wound infections, peritonitis, and fistulas. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Aspiration

  In these cases, consider conducting an ultrasonographically guided aspiration of the hydronephrotic fluid for microscopic examination to establish the diagnosis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Irritability

  […] cases and does not increase the risk of sepsis and bacteremia. [5] Disadvantages of retrograde decompression include lack of antegrade access for radiologic studies, a smaller-caliber urinary drainage catheter than with percutaneous access, increased irritative [emedicine.medscape.com]

Renal nuclear scanning Renal nuclear scanning is not particularly helpful in the immediate diagnostic workup of pyonephrosis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Staphylococcus Aureus

  Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of rapidly progressing pyelonephritis with pyonephrosis, necessitating emergent nephrectomy. Am J Med Sci. 2009 Sep. 338(3):233-5. [Medline]. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Treatment Controversies and Considerations Treatment of infections occurring from pyelonephritis [42] and pyonephrosis is changing rapidly and dramatically. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter: Incidence, symptoms, treatment and outcome. J.Urol. 2007; Jul;178(1):51–56. [link.springer.com]

The prognosis of pyonephrosis is good in most patients who receive prompt diagnosis and treatment. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis is a rare tumor with a poor prognosis, mainly occurring in patients with neglected and secondarily infected pyelocalyceal stones. [link.springer.com]

Etiology Upper urinary tract infection in combination with obstruction and hydronephrosis may lead to pyonephrosis. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Epidemiology Pyonephrosis is uncommon in adults and rare in children, and it is thought to be extremely rare in neonates. [emedicine.medscape.com]

The decreased function of the affected kidney that accompanies active infection typically prevents visualization on contrast studies. [emedicine.medscape.com]