Corticospinal tract syndrome ..• The changes may includes: ▫ Muscle weakness ▫ Decrease motor control including decrease speed and accuracy ▫ Spasticity ▫ Babinski sign and Ankle clonus is present ▫ Deep tendon reflexes are increased or present ▫ Clasp-knife [slideshare.net]

In the first family, clinical presentation mimicked familial spastic paraplegia. [ajnr.org]

At the beginning spinal shock is present due to cessation of supraspinal innervation of α-motoneuron. Muscles become flaccid and no reflexes are present (areflexia). In time (regeneration) synapses are established within the spinal cord. [wikilectures.eu]

One month later she presented with mild dysarthria and mild left hemiparesis. Brain MRI disclosed an extensive pyramidal tract lesion from the right corona radiata to the pedunculus cerebri. [jstage.jst.go.jp]

Although slight bilateral facial weakness was present, other cranial nerves were intact. Severe muscle weakness was present in the neck and the proximal portion of the bilateral lower extremities. [jnnp.bmj.com]

• Precocious Puberty

  Gonadal neoplasms occur in about 10 of both boys and girls diagnosed with precocious puberty. The most common cause of precocity from gonadal estrogen production in girls is a follicular cyst. [europeanmedical.info]

• Anosmia

  Cranial nerves Olfactory nerve Damage to the olfactory nerve can occur from a head injury, local nasal disease, or pressure from a tumour and may result in reduced sensitivity to smell or a complete loss (anosmia) on the side supplied by the nerve. [britannica.com]

• Osteoporosis

  However, patients with PPS commonly develop new disabilities that cause significant morbidity, such as orthopedic complications (eg, progressive instability of joints, osteoporosis, fractures, osteoarthrosis, scoliosis, and spondylosis), respiratory insufficiency [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Paget disease, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis may cause softening of the bone, which then can compress the cord or roots. [britannica.com]

• Motor Restlessness

  Benzodiazepines – Benzodiazepines such as valium may also be given to stabilize the nerve impulse transmission to reduce motor restlessness. [healthfoxx.com]

• Visual Hallucination

  In simple partial seizures, consciousness is retained and abnormal sensations, visual hallucinations, or local muscle contractions occur. [britannica.com]

• Clonus

  Our patient exhibited both ankle clonus and a positive Babinski sign, which were caused by impairment of the pyramidal tract. [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com]

  When intense, spasticity impedes residual strength in antagonistic muscles and interferes with attempts to move, especially if complicated by clonus and/or spasms. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In a patient with clonus, a muscle stretch elicits alternating contractions of agonist and antagonist muscle groups. [courses.washington.edu]

  • The changes may includes: ▫ Muscle weakness ▫ Decrease motor control including decrease speed and accuracy ▫ Spasticity ▫ Babinski sign and Ankle clonus is present ▫ Deep tendon reflexes are increased or present ▫ Clasp-knife response ( initial higher [slideshare.net]

• Chorea

  Athetosis has features of dystonia and chorea and often occurs with chorea as choreoathetosis. [merckmanuals.com]

  Hypokinetic dysarthria Weak Voice Mask-like facial expression Diseases associated specifically with lesions of the basal ganglia include Huntington's Chorea and Sydenham's Chorea. The term "chorea" comes from the Greek "khoros" which means dance. [csuchico.edu]

  Chorea This answer is INCORRECT. Chorea is an involuntary, abnormal movement. C. Tremors D. Rigidity E. Ballismus All of the following are examples of dyskinesia EXCEPT: A. Athetosis B. Chorea C. Tremors This answer is INCORRECT. [nba.uth.tmc.edu]

  Different types of dyskinesia include myoclonus, tics, chorea, athetosis and tremors. [kenhub.com]

  — irregular movements that are not repetitive or rhythmic, and tend to be more jerky and shaky Chorea — irregular movements that are not repetitive or rhythmic, and tend to be more jerky and shaky Choreoathetoid — a combination of chorea and athetosis [cerebralpalsy.org]

• Bradykinesia

  Authors: Maldonado-Naranjo A, Koop MM, Hogue O, Alberts J, Machado A Abstract A fundamental challenge in the clinical care of Parkinson disease (PD) is the current dependence on subjective evaluations of tremor and bradykinesia. [medworm.com]

  It is characterised by rigidity (increased muscle tone), bradykinesia (slowing of movements) and tremors. Non-spastic cerebral palsy, which could be dyskinetic or ataxic. [kenhub.com]

  Affectation of which may result in bradykinesia or slow movements, lead-pipe rigidity, postural instability, mask like face, shuffling gait and resting tremor that are similar to true Parkinson’s disease. Tardive Dyskinesia. [healthfoxx.com]

  So the clinical picture will be of bradykinesia, hypotonia, tardive dyskinesia. [forums.studentdoctor.net]

  Bradykinesia refers to a slowness, or poverty, of movement. A number of well-known movement disorders are associated with basal ganglia dysfunction. [nba.uth.tmc.edu]

• Nystagmus

  Symptoms are typically noticed before 20 years of age and include dysarthria, nystagmus, areflexia, and a positive Babinski sign. 12 Hereditary spastic ataxia (HSA) is characterised by retinopathy, muscle wasting, nystagmus, and dysarthria. 13 Spastic [jmg.bmj.com]

  See more helpful articles: MS Signs and Symptoms: What is Nystagmus?" MS Signs and Symptoms: What is Numbness? MS Signs vs. Symptoms: What is L'Hermittes's Sign? MS Signs vs. Symptoms: What is the Babinski Sign? MS Signs vs. [healthcentral.com]

  […] loss of speech) Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) Eye findings Optic atrophy (deterioration of the nerve that connects the eye to the brain) Strabismus (crossed eyes) Both eyes are not properly aligned and point in different directions Lateral-beating nystagmus [nbiacure.org]

  The primary signs of cerebellar disease are nystagmus, ataxia, and scanning speech. ( See Unlocalized or multifocal disorders: Demyelinating diseases .) [britannica.com]

  Nystagmus is an oscillatory movement of the eyes, resulting from damage to the vestibulocerebellum. Recall that one function of the cerebellum is to fine-tune the gain of the vestibuloocular response. [nba.uth.tmc.edu]

• Akathisia

  These symptoms include: Akathisia. Akathisia is a condition of motor restlessness. Akathisia may involve urge to move constantly, inability to sit still, or feeling of shakiness or jitterness. [healthfoxx.com]

  […] extrapyramidal G25.9 ganglion (basal ganglia brain) G25.9 ICD-10-CM Codes Adjacent To G25.9 G25.69 Other tics of organic origin G25.7 Other and unspecified drug induced movement disorders G25.70 Drug induced movement disorder, unspecified G25.71 Drug induced akathisia [icd10data.com]

  Extrapyramidal signs/symptoms are due to the side effects from dopamine blockade such as Dyskinesias (pseudoparkinsonism, dystonia, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia). Hope this helps. [forums.studentdoctor.net]

Treatments include: Medications Medications are the primary treatment of extrapyramidal symptoms. [healthfoxx.com]

Contarino Source Type: research Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment in selected cases of Parkinson's disease (PD). [medworm.com]

• Introduction• Anatomy of corticospinal tract• Corticospinal tract syndrome ▫ Causes ▫ Assessment ▫ Treatment 3. [slideshare.net]

An orthopedic surgeon requires a definition of the limbs affected and the extent of impairment in order to prescribe treatment. [cerebralpalsy.org]

The trihexyphenidyl and baclofen treatment provided limited benefits to the patient. In the future, therapies aimed at the Na + /K + -ATPase pump may be effective treatments for RDP. [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com]

[…] hyperintensity in the corticospinal tracts (specificity 6 GRE/SWI: hypointensity in the precentral gyrus bilaterally, known as the " motor band sign " 8,9 MR spectroscopy 2 decreased NAA decreased glutamate increased choline increased myo-inositol Treatment and prognosis [radiopaedia.org]

Patients who have sustained damage to their corticospinal tract have a prognosis that varies, depending on the nature of the damage. Some patients may be able to regain motor control over the course of the healing process. [wisegeek.org]

Prognosis Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Dec;51(4):816-28. JAMA. 2002 Sep 18;288(11):1357-63. Pediatrics. 2011 Aug;128(2):e299-307. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Jul;50(7):487-93. [pathophys.org]

This review was limited to the topics described above because other topics relevant to brain rehabilitation, such as recovery mechanisms or prognosis prediction using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have been [medicaljournals.se]

This distinction is important for genetic counseling of family members and for the patient’s prognosis, in that HSP generally carries a more favorable prognosis. [2] Other components of the differential diagnosis of HSP are similar to those of PLS. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Although its etiology remains unknown, in a few cases, it seemed to be secondary to transient postoperative peri-lead edema [2]. [medworm.com]

Primary lateral sclerosis The etiology of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is unknown, but it may be similar to that proposed for ALS. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Etiology Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Dec;51(4):775-86. Pediatr Neurol. 2009 Mar;40(3):168-74. [pathophys.org]

Enzyme deficiencies are the cause of some cases of hereditary motor neuropathy, but in most cases the etiological basis of the disease is unknown. [britannica.com]

To date, epidemiological data related to RDP is limited and fewer than 75 RDP cases have been reported worldwide [ 2 ]. [bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com]

Epidemiologic data suggest that smoking may be an established risk factor for sporadic ALS. [8] The peak age of onset is between 55 and 75 years. [emedicine.medscape.com]

The pathophysiological mechanisms responsive for the hyperexcitability of the myotatic reflex can be studied by methods of clinical neurophysiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

We suppose that findings of the current study may provide further insights to what extent PD and ET have similar or different pathophysiology in M1 and whether the microstructure of the CST is related to the M1 pathophysiology. [journals.plos.org]

Pathophysiology Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008 Mar;93(2):F153-61. [pathophys.org]

The identification and characterisation of ADSA offers a unique perspective of the pathophysiology of ataxic diseases on the whole. Acknowledgments We are greatly indebted to the family involved for their participation. [jmg.bmj.com]

Corticosteroids reduce the risk of CP, as steroids inhibit cytokine production, thus preventing PVL. Pathophysiology Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008 Mar;93(2):F153-61. [pathophys.org]

[…] sometimes be used to help with dysmetria (poor coordination of movements) Long-term management for FAHN can include: Nutrition Monitoring of height and weight in children Swallowing evaluation and regular dietary assessments Assure adequate nutrition Prevent [nbiacure.org]

Preventive medications include tricyclics, adrenergic blocking agents, and lithium. [britannica.com]

The loss of such input to the ventral horn of the spinal cord would obviously prevent those neurons from discharging in a meaningful sequence. Hence, such a loss would result in paralysis of movement. [what-when-how.com]

[…] universally accepted classification system, such as the Gross Motor Function Classification System, or GMFCS, to increase consistency in studies worldwide and to expand the ability to build knowledge around prevalence, life expectancy, societal impact, prevention [cerebralpalsy.org]