Rathbun syndrome has six forms: odontohypophosphatasia, adult monophasic and biphasic, childhood, infantile and perinatal [1]. The more early clinical signs appear, the more severe the disease is. Thus, an adult suffering from this condition may have no complaints other than a pathologic fracture, whereas a fetus with severe hypophosphatasia may be stillborn, with no mineralized bone tissue. Children with less severe forms lose their deciduous teeth earlier than normal, therefore a dentist may be the first to diagnose the disease. Infantile Rathbun syndrome cases present with complaints during the first six months of life, consisting of failure to thrive, rachitic chest, hypotonia, seizures, vomiting, constipation, poor feeding, weakness, respiratory complications, waddling gait or irritability [2]. Seizures may progress to severe epileptic encephalopathy but respond to vitamin B6 administration [3]. Bone deformities like metaphyseal cupping, craniosynostosis, brachycephaly or bowed and short limbs may be noticed and the child may learn how to walk later than his healthy peers. Intracranial hypertension follows head deformities and causes headaches, papilledema, and proptosis. The bone tissue has an increased risk of fracture and skeletal ossification is delayed. Rib deformities and fractures predispose to pulmonary disease, potentially progressing to life-threatening respiratory distress, especially in cases where the lungs are underdeveloped. Bone pain in affected children is often noticed [4].

In adults, the ailment may have a biphasic course, with mild symptoms during childhood that remain unnoticed and more severe signs during middle age or a monophasic pattern, with complaints appearing later in life. Patients have osteomalacia, metatarsal or femoral fractures due to decreased mineralization may lose their permanent teeth early. Spine fractures, as well as calcific periarthritis, chondrocalcinosis, pseudogout, and sterile osteomyelitis, have also been documented [5].

• Mobility Impairment

  Adults may present with severe mobility impairment (about 23% require the use of a wheelchair; about 25% require the use of a walking device) On the other side of the spectrum, adults may be diagnosed incidentally after a low alkaline phosphatase level [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Anosmia

  Battle\'s sign may be the only outward sign of basilar skull fracture, or it may be accompanied by periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes), conjunctival hemorrhage, nystagmus, ocular deviation, epistaxis, anosmia, a bulging tympanic membrane (from CSF or [checkorphan.org]

• Failure to Thrive

  Infantile Rathbun syndrome cases present with complaints during the first six months of life, consisting of failure to thrive, rachitic chest, hypotonia, seizures, vomiting, constipation, poor feeding, weakness, respiratory complications, waddling gait [symptoma.com]

  Other features in this inherited inborn error of metabolism include failure to thrive, movement disorders, and low plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase. HPP is an extremely variable disorder. [accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com]

  The initial symptom may be the failure to gain weight and grow at the expected rate for age and gender referred to as “failure to thrive.” [rarediseases.org]

• Tinnitus

  […] may be accompanied by periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes), conjunctival hemorrhage, nystagmus, ocular deviation, epistaxis, anosmia, a bulging tympanic membrane (from CSF or blood accumulation), visible fracture lines on the external auditory canal, tinnitus [checkorphan.org]

• Osteoporosis

  This is not the same as osteoporosis, another bone disorder that also can lead to bone fractures. [softbonescanada.ca]

  Antibodies that act against sclerostin have been shown to increase bone mass in osteoporosis. For additional information regarding HPP, contact: Michael P. [rarediseases.org]

  Factors influencing fracture risk, T score, and management of osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry. J Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Jun; 15(4):155-60. [profiles.umassmed.edu]

• Long-Bone Deformity

  Autosomal recessive hypophosphatasia manifesting in utero with long bone deformity but showing spontaneous postnatal improvement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3443-3448. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18559907 Whyte MP, Mumm S, Deal C. [rarediseases.org]

• Epistaxis

  Battle\'s sign may be the only outward sign of basilar skull fracture, or it may be accompanied by periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes), conjunctival hemorrhage, nystagmus, ocular deviation, epistaxis, anosmia, a bulging tympanic membrane (from CSF or [checkorphan.org]

• Irritability

  Infantile Rathbun syndrome cases present with complaints during the first six months of life, consisting of failure to thrive, rachitic chest, hypotonia, seizures, vomiting, constipation, poor feeding, weakness, respiratory complications, waddling gait or irritability [symptoma.com]

  May have trouble changing activities, resist redirection (disregulation, state rigidity), show irritability, stubbornness or repetitive speech or behavior (perseveration) as signs of distress. [come-over.to]

• Papilledema

  Intracranial hypertension follows head deformities and causes headaches, papilledema, and proptosis. The bone tissue has an increased risk of fracture and skeletal ossification is delayed. [symptoma.com]

  This complication can cause headaches, swelling of the optic disk (papilledema), and bulging of the eyes (proptosis). Affected infants have softened, weakened bones that lead to the skeletal malformations of rickets. [rarediseases.org]

Blood workup is especially important in Rathbun syndrome. Typical findings include decreased alkaline phosphatase level and increased phosphoethanolamine (now considered to be a non-specific finding) and inorganic pyrophosphate blood and urinary levels, as well as hypercalcemia [6]. The alkaline phosphatase value must be interpreted according to the patient's age; keeping in mind that decreased values can be encountered in other diseases too. Serum level of vitamin B6 must also be measured and will found to be elevated. Additional useful tests include magnesium, phosphorus, creatinine, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone determinations.

Radiographic features of Rathbun syndrome can include premature closure of skull sutures, hyperostosis, calcific periarthritis and chondrocalcinosis [7]. Mineralization is often found to be diminished, in addition to pathological fractures, pseudofractures, stress fractures and rachitic changes. A renal ultrasound may reveal the presence of nephrocalcinosis. A bone biopsy, although seldom needed, can differentiate this disease from osteomalacia.

The diagnosis can be suspected before birth by ultrasonography and confirmed using ALPL gene analysis. Alkaline phosphatase can also be measured in the amniotic fluid and cultured amniotic cells.

Apply the latest treatments, rehabilitation protocols, and expertise of leading surgeons and therapists to help your patients regain maximum movement after traumatic injuries or to improve limited functionality caused by chronic or acquired conditions [books.google.de]

Other treatment of HPP is directed toward the specific symptoms and complications that may differ from individual to individual. Treatment may require the coordinated efforts of a team of specialists. [rarediseases.org]

[ edit ] As of October 2015, asfotase alfa (Strensiq) has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of hypophosphatasia. [en.wikipedia.org]

Services include an intensive residential treatment program with a therapeutic school, a short-term residential center, treatment foster care program, community based wraparound program and crisis response services. [nofas.org]

There is no treatment, and prognosis depends on the age of onset. Severe hypophosphatasia may be fatal in infancy. [britannica.com]

There is no treatment, and prognosis depends on the age of onset. Severe hypophosphatasia may be fatal in infancy. [britannica.com]

Prognosis - Sommer Rathbun Battles syndrome Not supplied. Treatment - Sommer Rathbun Battles syndrome Not supplied. Resources - Sommer Rathbun Battles syndrome [checkorphan.org]

Conclusions: Patients with upper extremity DVT may be treated safely with either dalteparin sodium followed by warfarin or dalteparin sodium monotherapy for 3 months with a good prognosis. Enhanced PDF Standard PDF (153.3 KB) [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Prognosis The perinatal form is considered lethal. The infantile form is believed to be fatal in approximately 50% of patients. Longevity studies have not been conducted for the infantile and childhood forms. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Mundle Springer Science & Business Media, 06.12.2012 - 280 Seiten Myelodysplastic syndromes are to the bone marrow what pneumonia is to the lungs; the response of an organ to a variety of etiologic insults like aging, toxic exposure, infections and auto-immunity [books.google.de]

They are organised into groups, and further divided into clinical, etiological or histopathological sub-types. [orpha.net]

Many theories have been developed since the discovery of KTWS; however, the etiology of the syndrome is still unknown. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

Hence, there is an urgent need for increasing physician awareness about risk factors, etiology and the management of this unique and relatively infrequent disorder. [westjem.com]

STONER, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Search for more papers by this author T. L. [onlinelibrary.wiley.com]

Epidemiology Frequency United States Incidence of the severe form is believed to be approximately 1 case per 100,000 live births. [2] In some inbred populations, such as Canadian Mennonites, the frequency is as high as 1 case per 2500 newborns. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Epidemiology Abacavir hypersensitivity has been reported in both children and adults. The incidence in clinical trials has a range of 0%–14% [ 7–18, 32 ]. [academic.oup.com]

Pathophysiology Deficient activity of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, one of the four isomers of alkaline phosphatase (each of which has its own gene locus). [accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com]

In all probability, the intrinsic and the extrinsic theories coexist and explain the pathophysiology of rotator cuff degeneration. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Prevention - Sommer Rathbun Battles syndrome Not supplied. Diagnosis - Sommer Rathbun Battles syndrome Not supplied. Prognosis - Sommer Rathbun Battles syndrome Not supplied. Treatment - Sommer Rathbun Battles syndrome Not supplied. [checkorphan.org]

Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial. Lancet. 2000 Apr 15. 355(9212):1295-302. [Medline]. Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury. [medscape.com]

Scott 9800 – S E Sunnyside Clackamas, OR 97015 Phone: (503) 652-2880 Fax: (503) 571-3494 Contact: Richard Konkol, M.D. www.kaiser-permanente.org Prevention Programs, including Treatment for Women University of Washington – CARE/ Northwest Box 357920, [nofas.org]

When the weakened cuff cannot prevent the humeral head from rising under the pull of the deltoid, the residual cuff becomes squeezed between the humeral head and the coracoacromial arch, contributing to further cuff degeneration. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Deterioration may be prevented,especially in young patients, if the tapped cysts fail toregrow ; for it takes some years for the tiny untappedcysts to grow big enough to press on the functioningtissue and damage it. [docslide.com.br]

1. Fraser D. Hypophosphatasia. Am J Med. 1957;22:730–746.
2. Gurenlian JR. Hypophosphatasia. Access. 2001;15:38-41.
3. Balasubramaniam S, Bowling F, Carpenter K, et al. Perinatal hypophosphatasia presenting as neonatal epileptic encephalopathy with abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism secondary to reduced co-factor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate availability. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010;33(3):S25-33.
4. Jenny C. Evaluating infants and young children with multiple fractures. Pediatrics. 2006;118(3):1299-303.
5. Girschick HJ, Mornet E, Beer M, et al. Chronic multifocal non-bacterial osteomyelitis in hypophosphatasia mimicking malignancy. BMC Pediatr. 2007;7:3.
6. Whyte MP. Hypophosphatasia and the role of alkaline phosphatase in skeletal mineralization. Endocr Rev. 1994;15:439–61.
7. Krohn-Grimberghe B, Ludwig B, Furkert D. Rathbun syndrome (hypophosphatasia). Clinical aspects: dwarfism and Bechterew symptoms. Z Rheumatol. 1991;50(6):387-91.