Aphasia is most frequently encountered in middle-aged individuals and the elderly, as the most common causes are cerebrovascular insults and degenerative diseases (dementia), while central nervous system infections and neoplasms are other notable causes [1]. The clinical presentation of patients with receptive (also known as fluent aphasia) is centered around the inability to comprehend words or any kind of auditory signal [2]. This condition is also known as Wernicke's aphasia, named after Carl Wernicke who was the first person to recognize this disease. In this condition, both visual and tactile symbols may not be recognized [3]. The term "fluent" aphasia describes the fluent and adequate speech seen in these patients, but with an uncharacteristic incorrect use of words in a nonsensical (known as paraphasia) or repetitive pattern [1] [2] [4]. It must be noted that patients are often unaware of the fact that their speech is without meaning [3]. Moreover, inability to recall names of objects that are used on an everyday basis (anomia), as well as alexia and agraphia, defined as impaired ability to read and write words, respectively, are frequently encountered in patients suffering from receptive aphasia [2] [3]. In some cases, visual deficits (primarily the right visual field) may be encountered due to the proximity of the left temporoparietal area to the visual pathway [3].

• Weakness

  Although an early start of treatment is advocated in clinical practice, evidence for “The earlier, the better” in aphasia rehabilitation is weak. [doi.org]

  Features of dysarthria There may be some variation depending upon the site of the lesion Slurred and weak articulation with a weak voice is typical of pseudobulbar palsy from a stroke. [aacknowledge.org.uk]

  Talking is unclear, monotonous, nasal and voice production is weak. One speaks with irregular intervals. In short, there is little control when speaking. [braininjury-explanation.com]

• Epilepsy

  The following report is a study of a patient with temporal-lobe epilepsy who manifested an unusual receptive aphasia during some of his seizures. [nejm.org]

  Convert to ICD-10-CM : 784.3 converts directly to: 2015/16 ICD-10-CM R47.01 Aphasia Approximate Synonyms Acquired aphasia w epilepsy Acquired aphasia with epilepsy Acquired epileptic aphasia Akinetic mutism Aphasia conductive Aphasia, angular gyrus syndrome [icd9data.com]

  NeuroSPECT depicts blood flow abnormalities in acute aphasic disorders, either due to ischemia, which is most commonly the cause, or due to hyperemia secondary to migraine or epilepsy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Falling

  Also known as cerumen,… April 24th, 2017 | by Stephanie Loder | Ask an Audiologist Ask an Audiologist: Is White Noise Causing Me to Fall Asleep at the Wheel? The questions we receive for Hearing Solutions’ Ask an Audiologist series is quite diverse. [hearingsolutions.ca]

  If one arm begins to fall, you may be having a stroke. Also, one side of your mouth may droop when you try to smile. Trouble with seeing in one or both eyes. [mayoclinic.org]

  It is important that children with DLD be monitored closely in elementary school to make sure that they are not falling behind academically. [childneurologyfoundation.org]

  This type of phrases falls into the category of formulaic language and is known to be supported by neural networks of the intact right hemisphere. [45] A pilot study reported positive results when comparing the efficacy of a modified form of MIT to no [en.wikipedia.org]

  Lower-extremity strength has been correlated with gait speed in stroke patients. 62 Additionally, lower-extremity muscle strength on admission to rehabilitation is a predictor of function at discharge 63 and also has been inversely correlated with risk of falling [doi.org]

• Anemia

  […] recurrent fever 回帰熱 recurrent gross hematuria syndrome 反復性肉眼的血尿症候群 recurrent infection 反復性感染症/反復性感染 recurrent pancreatitis 反復性膵炎 recurrent parotitis 反復性耳下腺炎 red blood cell 赤血球 reducing sugar 還元糖 reflex 反射 reflux 逆流 reflux nephropathy 逆流性腎症 refractory anemia [jpeds.or.jp]

• Nausea

  This results in auras and migraine associated symptoms and signs such as nausea, dizziness, photophobia (light sensitivity), phonophobia (sound sensitivity), visual light flashes and scotomas, partial blindness including tunnel vision and hemianopsias [writersforensicsblog.wordpress.com]

• Hypertension

  In general, healthy lifestyle recommendations include: Controlling high blood pressure (hypertension). This is one of the most important things you can do to reduce your stroke risk. [mayoclinic.org]

  Three main causes of these hemorrhagic strokes are hypertension (uncontrolled high blood pressure), aneurisms (weak spots in blood vessel walls), and arteriovenous malformations (rupture of abnormal tangle of thin-walled blood vessels). [en.wikipedia.org]

  Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002 ; 359 : 995–1003. [doi.org]

• Heart Failure

  failure, heart defects, heart infection or abnormal heart rhythm Personal or family history of stroke, heart attack or transient ischemic attack. [mayoclinic.org]

• Schizophasia

  See also Aphasia Expressive aphasia Schizophasia Conduction aphasia Logorrhea Agraphia Paragrammatism Transcortical sensory aphasia References ^ Wernicke's APHASIA. [research.omicsgroup.org]

  Mixed transcortical aphasia Progressive Aphasias Progressive nonfluent aphasia Semantic dementia Logopenic progressive aphasia Speech disturbances Speech disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia /‎ Apraxia of speech Auditory verbal agnosia Dysarthria Schizophasia [en.wikipedia.org]

• Aphasia

  From Wikidata Jump to navigation Jump to search No description defined Wernicke’s aphasia fluent aphasia sensory aphasia edit Language Label Description Also known as English receptive aphasia No description defined Wernicke’s aphasia fluent aphasia sensory [wikidata.org]

  The clinical presentation of patients with receptive (also known as fluent aphasia) is centered around the inability to comprehend words or any kind of auditory signal. [symptoma.com]

  Wernicke's aphasia, also known as receptive aphasia, sensory aphasia, or posterior aphasia, is a type of aphasia in which individuals have difficulty understanding written and spoken language. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Synonym(s): fluent aphasia, sensory aphasia, Wernicke aphasia. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Aphasia, expressive Aphasia, expressive (difficulty speaking) Aphasia, expressive and receptive Aphasia, receptive Aphasia-angular gyrus syndrome Conduction aphasia Conductive aphasia Expressive and receptive aphasia Expressive aphasia Expressive dysphasia [icd9data.com]

• Receptive Aphasia

  The aphasias can be classified by a patient's response to three screening questions; the receptive aphasias are highlighted in the chart below. [docneuro.com]

  Aphasia, expressive Aphasia, expressive (difficulty speaking) Aphasia, expressive and receptive Aphasia, receptive Aphasia-angular gyrus syndrome Conduction aphasia Conductive aphasia Expressive and receptive aphasia Expressive aphasia Expressive dysphasia [icd9data.com]

  The clinical presentation of patients with receptive (also known as fluent aphasia) is centered around the inability to comprehend words or any kind of auditory signal. [symptoma.com]

  If you are a caregiver for someone with receptive aphasia, try these suggestions to improve communication. It’s important to work with a speech-language pathologist who has experience with receptive aphasia. Modify your speech. [strokesmart.org]

  Also known as fluent aphasia, sensory aphasia or Wernicke's aphasia, the condition leaves a person with a lack of recognition of speech patterns. Symptoms One main symptom of receptive aphasia is a lack of comprehension of language. [receptiveaphasia.com]

• Confusion

  Although each individual is unique, experts have identified common warning signs of Alzheimer’s disease, including: Memory loss, especially of recent events, names, places and other new information Confusion about time and place Struggling to complete [alzfdn.org]

  This can be confused with expressive aphasia. Actually this is dysarthria, which is the results of oral muscular weakness. Expressive aphasia is also confused with apraxia of speech. [parrotsoftware.com]

  People with Wernicke's Aphasia typically remain unaware of even their most profound language deficits. [ 3 ] Receptive aphasia is not to be confused with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. [research.omicsgroup.org]

  The reason why ambiguity and confusion exist in the minds of the general community and even those who suffer from aphasia and/or apraxia in regards to what these terms mean is because both conditions involve expression skills and are quite often brought [empowher.com]

  Some people with aphasia confuse letters of a word. Others speak a lot, but what they say is difficult to understand ; these people often have great difficulty understanding language themselves. [braininjury-explanation.com]

• Anomic Aphasia

  The effect of semantic feature analysis (SFA) treatment on confrontation naming and discourse production was examined in 2 persons, 1 with anomic aphasia and 1 with Wernicke's aphasia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] usually require extensive treatment by specially trained speech patholigists or therapists, all persons concerned with the care of the patient should practice techniques that will help minimize frustration and improve communication with such patients. anomic [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  There are four main types: expressive aphasia - you know what you want to say, but you have trouble saying or writing what you mean receptive aphasia - you hear the voice or see the print, but you can't make sense of the words anomic aphasia - you have [icd9data.com]

  There are four main types: Expressive aphasia - you know what you want to say, but you have trouble saying or writing what you mean Receptive aphasia - you hear the voice or see the print, but you can't make sense of the words Anomic aphasia - you have [nlm.nih.gov]

  Anomic aphasia. With anomic aphasia, the person has word-finding difficulties. This is called anomia. Because of the difficulties, the person struggles to find the right words for speaking and writing. Global aphasia. [webmd.com]

• Seizure

  Focal seizures presenting as episodic receptive aphasia can be the only symptom of this infection. Being able to recognize these episodes as focal seizures, determining the cause, and timely treatment can decrease mortality/morbidity. [neurology.org]

  Prolonged EEG disclosed frequent sharp-wave activity in the left and right temporal regions but no electrographic seizures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The following report is a study of a patient with temporal-lobe epilepsy who manifested an unusual receptive aphasia during some of his seizures. [nejm.org]

The diagnosis of receptive aphasia can be made through a simple verbal interaction with the patient (if he/she is conscious, as cerebrovascular insults can render patients unavailable for communication) [3]. Bedside testing to detect specific subtypes of aphasia and exclude other conditions that share a similar clinical presentation, for eg. severe dysarthria, psychosis, delirium, and other acute psychiatric conditions, hearing loss, but also a foreign language background, is the mainstay during workup [1]. Evaluation of spontaneous speech, writing and reading, naming of different objects, comprehension of spoken language, and word repetition may provide sufficient clues to confirm the diagnosis [1] [3]. Cognitive testing may be a useful tool, while imaging studies - magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography, and even computed tomography (CT) can be of extreme importance in identifying the lesion responsible for the onset of symptoms, such as neoplastic tumors, abscesses or hemorrhage [3] [4] [5]. In virtually all patients, posterior superior and middle temporal gyri will be the site of damage [4].

Silkes J (2018) Masked Repetition Priming Treatment for Anomia, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61 :3, (690-712), Online publication date: 15-Mar-2018. [doi.org]

Both participants demonstrated improvement in some aspects of discourse production associated with the confrontation naming SFA treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] and duration of treatment for each individual patient. [en.wikipedia.org]

[…] plans, providing treatment, documenting progress, and determining appropriate dismissal criteria in collaboration with the patient and treatment team Counseling persons with aphasia and their families regarding communication-related issues and facilitating [asha.org]

The treatment and prognosis of these latter conditions differ from stroke, and thus SPECT plays a role in patient management. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Research is not suggesting the only way therapy should be administered, but gives insight on how therapy affects the patient's prognosis. [en.wikipedia.org]

Prognosis The outcome of aphasia is difficult to predict given the wide range of variability of the condition. Generally, people who are younger or have less extensive brain damage fare better. [brainfoundation.org.au]

The location of the injury is also important and is another clue to prognosis. In general, patients tend to recover skills in language comprehension more completely than those skills involving expression. [medicinenet.com]

It can be said, however, that speech delay is a common childhood problem that affects 3 to 10 percent of children. 4 – 6 The disorder is three to four times more common in boys than in girls. 5, 7 Etiology Speech delay may be a manifestation of numerous [aafp.org]

Further tests are done to determine the etiology of the lesion (eg, stroke evaluation ) as indicated. [msdmanuals.com]

Practically all categories in the chapter could be designated 'not otherwise specified', 'unknown etiology' or 'transient'. [icd10data.com]

Epidemiology The aetiology is damage or disease of the brain and so it is most common in old people. Disease is usually vascular, neoplastic or degenerative. [aacknowledge.org.uk]

As a general rule, a lesion of the left hemisphere will cause dysphasia whilst, in the right hemisphere, it will cause neglect, visuo-spatial and cognitive problems. [ 2 ] Epidemiology The aetiology is damage or disease of the brain and so it is most [patient.info]

[…] strangers 3 to 4 years Three to six words per sentence; asks questions, converses, relates experiences, tells stories; almost all speech understood by strangers 4 to 5 years Six to eight words per sentence; names four colors; counts 10 pennies correctly Epidemiology [aafp.org]

Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 58. Kirschner HS. Aphasia and aphasic syndromes. In: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. [medlineplus.gov]

Prevention Knowing your stroke risk factors, following your doctor's recommendations and adopting a healthy lifestyle are the best steps you can take to prevent a stroke. [mayoclinic.org]

The highest priorities of early stroke rehabilitation are to prevent recurrence of stroke, manage comorbidities, and prevent complications (Evidence Level=C). [doi.org]

The professional roles and activities in speech-language pathology include clinical/educational services (diagnosis, assessment, planning, and treatment); prevention and advocacy; and education, administration, and research. [asha.org]

Since stroke is a common cause of aphasia, follow these guidelines to help prevent stroke: Exercise regularly. [winchesterhospital.org]

The most common type of aphasia that occurs is termed expressive aphasia or 'non-fluent aphasia' and prevents a person from producing written and/or spoken language. [parrotsoftware.com]

1. Schoeman R, Van der Merwe G. Aphasia, an acquired language disorder. SA Fam Pract. 2010;52(4):308-311.
2. Baker JC, LeBlanc LA, Raetz PB. A Behavioral Conceptualization of Aphasia. Anal Verbal Behav. 2008;24(1):147-158.
3. Porter RS, Kaplan JL. Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 19th Edition. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Whitehouse Station, N.J; 2011.
4. Schwartz MF, Kimberg DY, Walker GM, et al. Anterior temporal involvement in semantic word retrieval: voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping evidence from aphasia. Brain. 2009;132(12):3411-3427.
5. Moreaud O, David D, Brutti-Mairesse MP, Debray M, Mémin A. Aphasia in elderly patients [Article in French]. Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2010;8(1):43-51.