Incidence of urinary tract infections, hypertension, proteinuria, back pain and renal calculi. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Our results suggest that mesangial alterations occur early in the course of reflux nephropathy and may lead to the development of focal sclerosis. [annals.org]

For reflux nephropathy, the rate of change was significantly associated with age, with a downward trend in incidence with decreasing age suggesting a minor treatment effect. [pediatrics.aappublications.org]

A study of 127 adults (mean age of 41 years) with a diagnosis of VUR in childhood, 35% had unilateral renal scarring, 24% had bilateral renal scarring, 24% had albuminuria, and 11% had hypertension. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Incidence of microalbuminuria in children with pyelonephritic scarring. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 1996; 10 :705–8. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 39. Tomlinson PA, Smellie JM, Prescod N, Dalton RN, Chantler C. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]