Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophy (RBCD) primarily involves the Bowman’s layer of the cornea and was first described by Reis in 1917 [1], followed in 1949 by Bucklers [2]. It is also known as granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) type III, a superficial variant of GCD, and corneal dystrophy of Bowman layer type I. It should be distinguished from Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy (TBCD) which also involves Bowman's layer but differs clinically, genetically, and prognostically. Both of these dystrophies are transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern [1] [2] [3] [4].

Patients with RBCD are usually asymptomatic until they start to suffer from an exacerbation of recurrent corneal erosions which is characterized by severe ocular pain and hyperemia. This typically occurs around the age of 5 years and is accompanied by foreign body sensation and photophobia. The corneal erosions decrease with age but the visual acuity progressively worsens by the age of 20 years with the development of an irregular surface of the cornea.

RBCD can be differentiated from TBCD clinically as the corneal opacities in RBCD are confluent and geographical [1] [2] [5], whereas they are honeycomb shaped in TBCD [3] [6]. Genetically, RBCD is caused by an R124L mutation while TBCD is due to an R555Q mutation in the transforming growth factor β–induced (TGFBI) gene on chromosome 5q31 [6].

• Fishing

  Catanese M, Popovici C, Proust H, et al: Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on corneal impression cytology specimens (CICS): study of epithelial cell survival after keratoplasty. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52:1009-1013. [karger.com]

  Adjuvant polyunsaturated fatty acids with high Omega-3 content before and after surgery improves sicca, foods containing PUFAs include flax and fish oil. [wikivisually.com]

• Pneumonia

  Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a true bacterial corneal pathogen; other pathogens require a heavy inoculum, compromised barrier function, or a relative immune deficiency to produce infection. [accessmedicine.com]

• Gagging

  The GAG chains are able to form links with other GAG chains from adjacent fibrils. [wikivisually.com]

  Histopathology shows Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) accumulation intra and extracellularly in corneal stroma, Descemet's membrane and endothelium. Guttae are often present at the Descemet membrane. [scielo.br]

• Piebaldism

  In RBCD, laminin and BPA were in a piebald mosaic distribution throughout the aberrant subepithelial fibrous tissue between the basal lamina and the buried Bowman's layer. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Corneal Opacity

  Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophy is an infrequent, bilateral, hereditary corneal disorder characterized by a progressive decrease in visual acuity starting in early childhood as a consequence of corneal opacities and scarring. [symptoma.com]

  A 50-year-old man (the proband) experienced recurring attacks of ocular irritation and had had bilateral ring-shaped anterior corneal opacity since adolescence. Corneal sensation was normal. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Definition A bilateral disorder of the cornea characterized by intermittent attacks of ocular irritation, recurrent painful corneal erosions starting in childhood, corneal opacities in a geographic pattern at the level of the Bowman layer, and a progressive [uniprot.org]

  Signs: Fine reticular superficial corneal opacities By the second and third decades, central corneal opacities develop in a honeycomb, fishnet, or ring-like pattern Mainly affect the central and mid peripheral cornea, sparing the peripheral cornea Diffuse [dro.hs.columbia.edu]

• Eye Pain

  The corneal erosions may prompt attacks of redness and swelling in the eye (ocular hyperemia ), eye pain, and photophobia. Significant vision loss may occur. Reis-Bücklers dystrophy is diagnosed by clinical history physical examination of the eye. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Infrequent episodes of eye pain, reduction of vision. Onset variable age from 8 to 20 years. Increased severity after 40 years of age. Inheritance is autosomal dominant. First described by Reis on the basis of a single case. [whonamedit.com]

  Corneal dystrophies usually affect both eyes equally causing cloudy deposits, loss of sight and pain and grittiness in the eye. Cloudiness in the cornea and eye pain can develop at different ages, depending on the type. [thelondonclinic.co.uk]

The workup includes a detailed history followed by a thorough ophthalmological examination. A positive family history is usually indicative of the diagnosis. The ophthalmologist will perform visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography which is useful in the assessment of the disorder [6] [7] [8] [9]. Clinically, RBCD is characterized by confluent geographic opacities whereas TBCD by honeycomb-shaped opacities. Laboratory tests are not performed as part of the workup as they are not helpful.

A corneal biopsy is not routinely performed but can be considered after a corneal transplant procedure. On histological examination, RBCD is associated with "rod-shaped bodies" while "curly fibers" are found in TBCD.

Besides histopathological analyses, genetic studies in affected individuals are used to detect transforming growth factor β–induced (TGFBI) gene mutations on chromosome 5q31. Studies have reported that an R124L mutation is associated with RBCD while an R555Q mutation is associated with TBCD [10] [11] [12]. These studies help in clear distinguishing between the two types of corneal dystrophies whose prognosis is also different [12].

• Streptococcus Pneumoniae

  Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a true bacterial corneal pathogen; other pathogens require a heavy inoculum, compromised barrier function, or a relative immune deficiency to produce infection. [accessmedicine.com]

• Mycobacterium Fortuitum

  Among them are Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium fortuitum-chelonei complex, viridans streptococci, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and various coliform and proteus organisms, along with viruses, Acanthamoeba, and fungi. [accessmedicine.com]

Treatment [ edit ] Treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms of the disease. A form of laser eye surgery named keratectomy may help with the superficial corneal scarring. [en.wikipedia.org]

Cite this Apa Standard Harvard Vancouver BIBTEX RIS Wood, TO, Fleming, J, Dotson, RS & Cotten, MS 1978, ' Treatment of Reis Bucklers' corneal dystrophy by removal of subepithelial fibrous tissue ' American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. [uthsc.pure.elsevier.com]

The material is in no way intended to replace professional medical care by a qualified specialist and should not be used as a basis for diagnosis or treatment. [orpha.net]

Treatment Treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms of the disease. A form of laser eye surgery named keratectomy may help with the superficial corneal scarring. [howlingpixel.com]

These studies help in clear distinguishing between the two types of corneal dystrophies whose prognosis is also different. [symptoma.com]

Diagnosis and Prognosis: Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy can only be diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. The surface irregularities causing discomfort may respond to conservative treatment using drops or bandages. [disorders.eyes.arizona.edu]

Patients who have macular dystrophy have a poor prognosis, but are unlikely to pass this dystrophy on because it is autosomal recessive. [clspectrum.com]

The prognosis of EBMD varies. Most people who have it find that it gets progressively worse as they age. Patients usually experience flare ups, followed by periods of not noticing the issue at all for months or years. [whatisdryeye.com]

Management Early in disease process no treatment needed Recurrent erosions Contact lenses Superficial keratectomy PTK Decreased VA Good prognosis with PKP 27. [slideshare.net]

Etiology Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy is caused by a specific mutation in the TGFBI gene (5q31). [orpha.net]

Non-Ulcerative Keratitis Superficial keratitis Diffuse superficial keratitis Superficial Punctate Keratitis (SPK) Deep Keratitis Non-suppurative Interstitial Disciform Sclerosing Keratitis Profunda Suppurative Central Corneal Posterior Corneal Etiological [en.wikibooks.org]

Etiology J Refract Surg 2018 Oct 1;34(10):682-688. doi: 10.3928/1081597X-20180829-01. PMID: 30296329 Qiu WY, Zheng LB, Pan F, Wang BB, Yao YF BMC Ophthalmol 2016 Sep 2;16(1):158. doi: 10.1186/s12886-016-0325-y. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Xe a review by Klintworth, The etiology of FECD is unknown, but it seems to be a heterogenous complex inherited disorder caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. [teren.mobi]

Today, we have a multitude of tools at our disposal to investigate the etiology of disease. [reviewofcontactlenses.com]

Summary Epidemiology Prevalence of this form of corneal dystrophy is not known. Clinical description Lesions develop at about 4 to 5 years of age. [orpha.net]

In more severe cases, a partial or complete corneal transplantation may be considered. [3] However, it is common for the dystrophy to recur within the grafted tissue. [3] Epidemiology [ edit ] Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy is not associated with any [en.wikipedia.org]

In more severe cases, a partial or complete corneal transplantation may be considered. [3] However, it is common for the dystrophy to recur within the grafted tissue. [3] Epidemiology Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy is not associated with any systemic [howlingpixel.com]

Because we only had one case of macular dystrophy, any conclusion about epidemiological data could be misleading. [scielo.br]

A greater understanding of FED pathophysiology may assist in the future with the development of treatments to prevent progression of disease. [teren.mobi]

Pathophysiology The 2 categories of corneal abrasions are as follows: superficial (those not involving the Bowman layer) and deep (those that penetrate the Bowman layer but do not rupture the Descemet membrane). [emedicine.medscape.com]

Doctors will sometimes prescribe antibiotics to prevent infection if there is an erosion during an episode. [perso.numericable.fr]

There are a number of potential risk factors: Age Family history LASIK eye surgery Trauma to the eye, including corneal abrasion How to Prevent EBMD Unfortunately, there is no real prevention for EBMD, other than ensuring the eyes stay healthy and avoid [whatisdryeye.com]

Most patients will need to fhchs seen often in the first few weeks after the surgery to ensure surgical success and prevent infection. [teren.mobi]

Prevention [ 2 ] Prophylaxis with long-term lubrication (eg, night-time lubricating ointment for three months) may help prevent recurrence. [patient.info]

Yee admits that it's still too early to manipulate the genes and prevent further symptoms. [reviewofophthalmology.com]

1. Reis W. Fämiliare, fleckige Hornhautetartung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr.1917;43575
2. Bücklers M. Über eine weitere familiare Hornhautdystrophie (Reis). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd.1949;114386- 397
3. Küchle M, Green WR, Völcker HE, Barraquer J. Reevaluation of corneal dystrophies of Bowman’s layer and the anterior stroma (Reis-Bücklers and Thiel-Behnke types): a light and electron microscopic study of eight corneas and a review of the literature. Cornea. 1995;14:333–354.
4. Thiel HJ, Behnke H. Ein bisher unbekannte subepitheliale hereditare Hornhautdystrophie. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1967;150862- 874
5. Dighiero P, Niel F, Ellies P et al. Histologic phenotype-genotype correlation of corneal dystrophies associated with eight distinct mutations in the TGFBI gene. Ophthalmology 2001;108818- 823
6. Qiu WY, Zheng L-B, Pan F, et al. New histopathologic and ultrastructural findings in Reis-Bücklers corneal dystrophy caused by the Arg124Leu mutation of TGFBI gene. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016;16(1):158
7. Dalton K, Schneider S, Sorbara L, Jones L. Confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography imaging of hereditary granular dystrophy. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2010;33(1):33-40.
8. Ashar JN, Latha M, Vaddavalli PK. Phototherapeutic keratectomy versus alcohol epitheliectomy with mechanical debridement for superficial variant of granular dystrophy: A paired eye comparison. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2012;35(5):236-239.
9. Jung SH, Han KE, Stulting RD, et al. Phototherapeutic Keratectomy in Diffuse Stromal Haze in Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2. Cornea. 2013;32(3):296-300.
10. Mashima Y, Nakamura Y, Noda K, et al. A novel mutation at codon 124 (R124L) in the BIGH3 gene is associated with a superficial variant of granular corneal dystrophy. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;11790-93
11. Dighiero P, Valleix S, D'Hermies F, et al. Clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural features of the corneal dystrophy caused by the R124L mutation of the BIGH3 gene. Ophthalmology 2000;1071353-1357
12. Ellies P, Renard G, Valleix S, Boelle PY, Dighiero P. Clinical outcome of eight BIGH3-linked corneal dystrophies. Ophthalmology 2002;109:793-797