Conclusions : Anomic symptoms are common in (RES) RRMS, and present as inaccuracy as well as slow word retrieval latency. The prevalence and cognitive nature of anomic symptoms require further research across the range of presentations of MS. [tandfonline.com]

Twice as many women as men present with this variety. The following graph, showing level of disability over time, demonstrates two typical courses of RRMS. [mult-sclerosis.org]

Demographic data relating to these 50 patients are presented in Table 1. [ajnr.org]

They then compare the results presented in these papers. Literature reviews, by contrast, provide a summary of what the authors believe are the best and most relevant prior publications. Last date updated on September, 2014 [omicsonline.org]

RRs and 95% CIs for the proportion of patients who were free of new Gd-enhancing lesions at 1 year are presented in figure 5 b. [karger.com]

• Anemia

  Transfusions with packed red blood cells can help alleviate and minimize some of the more severe symptoms of anemia. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

  From Damjanov, 2000. multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ( multiple organ failure ) failure of two or more organ systems in a critically ill patient because of a complex and interrelated series of events. The pathogenesis of multiple organ failure. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Collapse

  […] total), anemia, hypercalcemia due to release of calcium from deteriorating bone tissue, and elevated blood urea nitrogen, Bence Jones protein in the urine, and osteolytic lesions that give the bone a honeycomb appearance on x-ray and lead to vertebral collapse [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Aspiration

  Diagnostic procedures to confirm suspected multiple myeloma include blood analyses, quantitative immunologic assays of serum and urine, urinalysis, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, and skeletal x-rays. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Skin Lesion

  lesions. mul·ti·ple scle·ro·sis (MS), common demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, causing patches of sclerosis (plaques) in the brain and spinal cord; occurs primarily in young adults, and has protean clinical manifestations, depending [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Facial Numbness

  Facial numbness and weakness are also common. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Euphoria

  Side effects have included weakness, dizziness, relaxation, and incoordination, as well as euphoria. As a result, marijuana is not recommended as an alternative treatment. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Kidney Failure

  Kidney failure is the most common cause of death. The urine contains Bence Jones protein. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Slurred Speech

  Some of the most common symptoms of MS include: severe fatigue numbness and tingling in the hands and feet vision issues balance problems limited mobility difficulty concentrating slurred speech problems with bowel or bladder control Medical researchers [medicalnewstoday.com]

• Foot Drop

  Physical therapy and strength training have helped get her foot drop under control, while relaxation techniques and simply getting effective MS treatment have minimized her anxiety. [everydayhealth.com]

• Mental Deterioration

  adj sclerot ic. familial centrolobar sclerosis a progressive familial form of leukoencephalopathy marked by nystagmus, ataxia, tremor, parkinsonian facies, dysarthria, and mental deterioration. hippocampal sclerosis loss of neurons in the region of [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Gait Ataxia

  For the EDSS score, balance is assessed by using the Romberg test, and an evaluation of gait ataxia during normal walking and during tandem gait. [frontiersin.org]

Prior to initiating disease-modifying treatment, a complete diagnostic workup is crucial to help begin treatment at the appropriate time. [physio-pedia.com]

Patients are more engaged earlier in the treatment pathway, and this decreases as they progress through treatment lines. [futuremedicine.com]

[…] in terms of the treatment-free period. [touchneurology.com]

Ocrelizumab is the first and only licensed treatment for (early) PPMS which means the process for reimbursement is complex. [europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com]

With over a dozen available treatment options, why do we need more for RRMS? There will always be some people who respond to specific treatments and others who do not. [celgene.com]

We also evaluated the effect of DMF treatment on these subpopulations after 6 and 12 months treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Type of symptoms at onset Except for sphincter involvement, the studies showed mixed, weak, or no effect of different types of symptoms at onset on prognosis. Bowel and/or bladder involvement was associated with an unfavorable prognosis. [jamanetwork.com]

Patients with a poor prognosis in particular may require a timely switch to a second-line agent. Regular monitoring of disease and therapy in patients with MS is essential. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Both prognosis and treatment differ based on clinical subtype. [va.gov]

Prognosis Worse if male, age 40 at presentation, rapidly progressive, with motor dysfunction (i.e., with cerebellar or corticospinal activity). [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, although several evidences also demonstrate a B cell involvement in its etiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The exact etiology and pathogenesis of MS are uncertain, but both genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease development. [cureus.com]

Acknowledgments We are indebted to Dr Alessandra Solari, Laboratory of Epidemiology, C Besta National Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy, for performing the statistical analysis of the data. [jnnp.bmj.com]

Epidemiology Onset in younger, often female adults, affecting 1:2500 (US), commonly associated with HLA-A3, B7 and Dw2 haplotypes. MS is increased in a south-to-north gradient in the Northern hemisphere (i.e., more common in colder climates). [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Europe. Eur J Neurol, 13 (2006), pp. 700-722 [3.] O.H. Kantarci. Genetics and natural history of multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol, 28 (2008), pp. 7-16 [4.] B. Hemmer, H.P. Hartung. [elsevier.es]

(Epidemiology). National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) website. . Accessed November 20, 2018. What causes MS? National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) website. . [copaxone.com]

"Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 6 (4): 382–427. doi : 10.1128/CMR.6.4.382. PMC 358295. PMID 8269393. Gilden DH (March 2005). "Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis". The Lancet. [en.wikipedia.org]

It is thought that a different pathophysiology is driving SPMS than RRMS. Primary-Progressive MS (PPMS) A smaller percentage of patients, 15% or less, do not ever experience acute relapses. [va.gov]

The data provide evidence of B-cell involvement in the pathophysiology of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00097188 .) [nejm.org]

New lesions, enhancing lesions, hypointense or hyperintense lesions, and changes in lesion size have all been cited as potential measures of pathophysiological mechanisms in cases of multiple sclerosis, with varying but generally modest degrees of correlation [ajnr.org]

This has led to the theory that uric acid is protective, although its exact importance remains unknown. [41] Pathophysiology Nerve axon with myelin sheath The three main characteristics of MS are the formation of lesions in the central nervous system [en.wikipedia.org]

These may reduce relapses and help prevent new areas of damage. Prevention Experts don't know how to prevent MS. Managing this condition If you have relapsing-remitting MS, you can take other steps to manage your condition. [columbianeurology.org]

Again, we did not detect any advantage for preventing disability progression. [cochrane.org]

Knowing the targets will allow us to develop more precise therapies that will prevent the immune system from attacking nerve cells but not interfere with fighting infections. [celgene.com]

Prevention There is no known way to prevent multiple sclerosis. Until the cause of the disease is discovered, this is unlikely to change. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Of the DMTs other than Copaxone, Rebif appears to be better at preventing new Gd-enhancing lesions than Tysabri or Avonex. [karger.com]