Most cases presented with the patient in the sixth decade of life and commonly presented as abdominal or flank pain, fever, leukocytosis, and hematuria. [journals.lww.com]

One month before admission, a 71-year-old male presented with asthma and eczema. Then he had lower limb edema, anorexia, and toe pain. [scielo.isciii.es]

A review of the literature in terms of presentation and treatment of acute RVT is presented. [indianjnephrol.org]

A 47-year-old woman, a non-smoker, presented with progressive dyspnea on exertion for two weeks. [medical-case-reports.imedpub.com]

Eosinophilia, eosinophiluria, and transient hypocomplementemia may be present. [merckmanuals.com]

• Anemia

  Med Case Rep 2017, 3:3. doi:10.21767/2471-8041.100057 Abstract We report a middle aged lupus woman with dyspnea, which was caused by renal tubule acidosis, pulmonary embolism, and iron deficiency anemia. [medical-case-reports.imedpub.com]

  Blood routine showed anemia (90g/L), thrombocytopenia (81x10 9 /L; normal range, 100 to 300×10 9 /L) and eosinophilia (absolute eosinophil count, 1.6×10 9 /L; normal range, 0 to 0.5×10 9 /L). [scielo.isciii.es]

  sickle cell anemia, thrombocytosis, dehydration,, advanced age, cancer, and obesity. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Severe Pain

  Call your provider if: You stop producing urine You feel sudden, severe pain in the back, flank, or abdomen. Get emergency medical help right away if you have symptoms of arterial occlusion and have only one working kidney. [medlineplus.gov]

  Possible Complications Complications may include: Acute kidney failure Chronic kidney disease High blood pressure Malignant hypertension When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your provider if: You stop producing urine You feel sudden, severe pain [pennstatehershey.adam.com]

  The signs of obstruction appear almost immediately with severe pain at the site. If the embolus lodges in a limb, the area becomes pale, numb, and cold to the touch, and normal arterial pulse below the site is absent. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Pain is the most common and can be controlled by medication given by mouth or through your IV. Women who have embolization of fibroid tumors may have severe pain or cramps shortly after the procedure and for eight to 12 hours afterward. [radiologyinfo.org]

• Weight Loss

  When the cause is a renal cancer, its signs (eg, hematuria, weight loss) predominate. [msdmanuals.com]

  Discolored areas of the toes and feet Kidney failure Belly pain Diarrhea Confusion Weight loss Fever Muscle aches Renal Vein Thrombosis Slow Onset Most often causes no symptoms Sudden Onset On-going severe flank pain with spasms at times Soreness over [hopkinsmedicine.org]

  Non-specific symptoms often described are fever, muscle ache and weight loss. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Symptoms include progressive dyspnea (most common) over weeks to months, pleurisy, cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, and signs of cor pulmonale (15-20%). [pulmonologyadvisor.com]

• Pallor

  […] changes of ischemia, arrhythmias, or heart failure Temporary altered consciousness in about 50% of patients Marbling of the skin, especially in superiorly located body parts because of air buoyancy Gas bubbles in the retina Sharply defined areas of pallor [pulmonologyadvisor.com]

• Failure to Thrive

  On the other hand, a severe RTA often results in renal stones, hypokalemia, or failure to thrive. This woman had dyspnea but no other suggesting symptoms for PE. Thanks to CT angiography, it was eventually demonstrated. [medical-case-reports.imedpub.com]

• Loss of Appetite

  About one in five patients treated for fibroids will develop post-embolization syndrome, which consists of fever (up to 102° F) that may be accompanied by loss of appetite and nausea or vomiting. [radiologyinfo.org]

• Hepatomegaly

  On PE Day 3, the patient had an elevated jugular venous pressure (CVP 32 mmHg), massive bilateral lower extremity edema extending to the abdominal wall and a distended abdomen with hepatomegaly. [academic.oup.com]

• Hypertension

  Renal atheroembolism rarely causes hypertension. Abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting can result from concomitant compromised arterial microcirculation of abdominal organs (eg, pancreas, GI tract). [merckmanuals.com]

  Percutaneous angioplasty in clinical management of renovascular hypertension: initial and long-term results. ‎ [books.google.de]

  We believe that the development of oliguria in this patient was the direct result of acute severe pulmonary hypertension triggered by a PE. [academic.oup.com]

• Heart Disease

  heart disease, [5], [6], [7] and RAE in these cases in the presence of sinus rhythm is very rare. [sjkdt.org]

  Risk factors are atrial fibrillation, mitral valve disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure, other heart diseases, cardiac surgery, aortic aneurysm, renal artery aneurysm or renal artery stenosis. [urology-textbook.com]

  He gave history of chronic rheumatic heart disease for which he underwent both aortic and mitral valve replacement 4 years before presentation. On clinical examination he was in frank pulmonary edema. [heartviews.org]

  The following can cause atherosclerosis: diabetes high blood pressure high cholesterol infection smoking Some of the causes of blood clots are as follows: arrhythmias, or irregular heartbeats coronary heart disease heart valve disease plaque buildup The [medicineonline.com]

  Other complications include: Heart disease Stroke Heart attack Heart failure Damage to blood vessels Loss of vision When should I call my healthcare provider? If your symptoms get worse or you have new symptoms, tell your healthcare provider. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

• Hypotension

  […] these patients low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or fondaparinux have not been tested in the setting of hypotension and shock progression of RV failure should be prevented by correcting systemic hypotension vasopressive drugs are recommended for hypotensive [gpnotebook.co.uk]

  He received intravenous digoxin with some improvement in his heart rate but despite 4 litres of intravenous fluids and continuous metaraminol infusion in the coronary care unit was persistently hypotensive. [anzsnasm.com]

  Hypotension (systolic blood pressure, approximately 70 mmHg; mean blood pressure, approximately 50 mmHg) was not corrected until extracorporeal circulation was established. However, the hypoxemia was improved after tracheal intubation. [anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org]

• Vascular Disease

  disease Renal dysfunction has become a validated prognostic factor indicating increased morbidity and mortality in different cardiovascular diseases, such as acute coronary syndrome 1 or chronic heart failure. 2 Impaired kidney function may not only [heart.bmj.com]

  […] for prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, and 0, 1, or 2 points depending on age), coronary, carotid, and peripheral arterial disease were combined as a single variable termed vascular disease. 4 Consistent with the trial protocol, CrCl was calculated [circ.ahajournals.org]

  […] systemic lupus erythematosus amyloidosis glomerulonephritis collagen vascular disease diabetes renal sepsis (thrombophlebitis) tumour thrombus, e.g. renal cell carcinoma lymphoma 5 in rare cases, adrenal carcinoma trauma is another potential cause of [radiopaedia.org]

• Tachycardia

  On postoperative day 2, the patient complained of dyspnea, accompanied by hypoxemia and tachycardia. Enhanced computed tomography revealed defects in both pulmonary arteries. The arrow in the image indicates an embolus in the left pulmonary artery. [anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org]

  Signs include: Tachypnoea, tachycardia. Hypoxia, which may cause anxiety, restlessness, agitation and impaired consciousness. Pyrexia. Elevated jugular venous pressure. [patient.info]

  ECG showed sinus tachycardia with a heart rate of 120 beats/min. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed with a high suspicion of acute pulmonary embolism. TTE showed large, free thrombus moving in right heart cavities. [pulsus.com]

  Maternal death is a frequent complication Symptoms Chest pain, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, hemorrhage, hypotension, or shock are potential symptoms. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Skin Rash

  The diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis is usually based on the clinical presentation (fever, skin rash, acute arthralgia), and laboratory findings (eosinophilia and abnormal urinalysis findings of eosinophiluria, proteinuria, hematuria, sterile [antimicrobe.org]

  There was no history of skin rash. He did not have any joint pain or swelling. He had no previous upper respiratory tract or skin infection. [sjkdt.org]

• Flank Pain

  A 37-year-old man who underwent total aortic arch replacement owing to aortic dissection, presented with a 3-h history of fever, chills, and acute right-sided flank pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A 31-year-old female was admitted with sudden onset severe right flank pain, vomiting, anorexia, and hematuria. She reported a similar episode of flank pain and vomiting one month prior, which had subsided spontaneously. [sjkdt.org]

  A few hours later the patient returned to the emergency department with severe right flank pain, dyspnea, and palpitations. [dovepress.com]

  The most common initial symptom was flank pain. The literature from 1970 to 1982 was reviewed to determine the current operative mortality (11%) and frequency of kidney salvage (67% to 90%) with surgery or anticoagulation. [jamanetwork.com]

• Hematuria

  Indeed, there was almost a significant difference in the patients with hematuria who had normal renal function (10 of 21) compared to the patients without hematuria who had normal renal function (5 of 18, p = 0.059), indicating that the absence of hematuria [journals.lww.com]

  Although our patient had hematuria, this may often be absent in patients with RAE. [8] It is postulated that absence of hematuria may be associated with worse renal function, since it may reflect hypoperfusion of the infracted area with reduction of glomerular [sjkdt.org]

  Abdominal pain was common, as well as hematuria and an elevated LDH. These patients are at risk of subsequent embolic events to other organs. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] proteinuria, microhematuria or hematuria. [urology-textbook.com]

• Anuria

  OCCLUSION of both renal arteries or their branches by emboli is not a common cause of acute anuria. [nejm.org]

  Hemorrhagic renal infarction due to renal vein thrombosis Signs and Symptoms Flank pain or abdominal pain Hematuria Arterial hypertension Irregular heart rate Nausea, vomiting Oligouria, Anuria Diagnostic Work-Up Urine: Signs for kidney infarction are [urology-textbook.com]

  If the embolism is bilateral or blocking the artery of a solitary kidney it can lead to total anuria as in our case. [karger.com]

  Renal artery embolism successfully revascularized by surgery after 5 days\' anuria Is it never too late Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 1843-5. Piffaretti G, Riva F, Tozzi M, et al. [journalijar.com]

• Renal Injury

  Analysis of Captured Embolic Debris The role of platelets in renal injury following renal artery stenting is also supported by analysis of the captured embolic debris. [icrjournal.com]

  Abstract Thromboembolic occlusion is a rare cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). It may lead to permanent loss of renal function. [karger.com]

  Potential mechanisms of renal injury are discussed based on the clinical presentation and course with reference to experimental models and recent studies supporting our hypothesis. [academic.oup.com]

Most patients are exposed to contrast during their diagnostic workup, placing them at risk for contrast nephropathy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A negative d -dimer assay result combined with a low pretest probability determined by a well-validated clinical prediction rule suffices to rule out VTE; no further workup is necessary in such cases, even in patients who have had a prior VTE. 4, 9 – [aafp.org]

• Staphylococcus Aureus

  In contrast, the complement levels are low and glomerular deposition of IgG, IgM and complement is observed in the glomerulonephritis due to Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ( 7 ). [antimicrobe.org]

  The most common causative bacterial species are Streptococcus pneumoniae (54%) and Staphylococcus aureus (33%) [ 51 ]. [intechopen.com]

  Abdominal computed tomography images of a patient with endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Left: note the 2 splenic infarctions (arrows); Right: bilateral renal infarctions (arrows). [revespcardiol.org]

However, no direct treatment of existing renal emboli is effective. Corticosteroids, antiplatelet drugs, vasodilators, and plasma exchange are not helpful. [merckmanuals.com]

Three weeks after treatment, serum creatinine decreased to 4.26mg/dL. Pre-tibial skin eczema and pain of toes diminished. The temperature of feet skin recovered. Five weeks after treatment, serum creatinine decreased to 2.69mg/dL. [scielo.isciii.es]

It is difficult to compare the therapeutic effects of various treatment modalities ( Figure 4 ). Figure 4: Treatment for renal artery embolism. [omicsonline.org]

Treatment of Kidney Infarction Conservative Treatment of Kidney Infarction: Cornerstones of conservative treatment are analgesics, regulation of blood pressure and systemic heparinization. [urology-textbook.com]

Newer treatment modalities, including intra-arterially injected low-dose streptokinase and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, have also proved useful. [jamanetwork.com]

Patients with renal atheroemboli have a poor overall prognosis. [merckmanuals.com]

Renal biomarkers and prognosis in acute pulmonary embolism Thomas M Berghaus, Martin Schwaiblmair, Wolfgang von Scheidt Department of Cardiology, Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care, Klinikum Augsburg, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany [heart.bmj.com]

Certain conditions have both an underlying etiology and multiple body system manifestations due to the underlying etiology. [icd10coded.com]

We conclude that the etiology of the acute renal insult in this patient is probably related to unilateral renal arterial embolization accompanied by arterial spasm of the unaffected kidney. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

MANY clinical and experimental studies have been performed to study the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of traumatic fat embolism. Recently, a less well understood counterpart, termed "nontraumatic fat embolism," has been recognized. [nejm.org]

The symptoms were eventually completely gone after relief of the individual underlying etiologies one by one. [medical-case-reports.imedpub.com]

Epidemiology International statistics Estimates of the incidence of cholesterol embolic disease are usually based on autopsy data. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Johnson C,Arthurs ZM Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2014; [Pubmed] | [DOI] 2 Abdominal thromboses of splanchnic, renal and ovarian veins Valerio De Stefano,Ida Martinelli Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology. 2012; 25(3): 253 [Pubmed] | [DOI] 3 Epidemiology [indianjnephrol.org]

The few case series that have been reported have described the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of this diagnosis. These series have also commented on the utility of various diagnostics, including laboratory tests and imaging modalities. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Thromboembolic complications in the nephrotic syndrome: Pathophysiology and clinical management. Thromb Res 2006;118:397-407. [ PUBMED ] [ FULLTEXT ] 10. Llach F. [indianjnephrol.org]

[Renal infarction: Pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapy]. Nihon Rinsho. 2006;64(Suppl 2):473–476. Japanese. 3. Scolari F, Ravani P. Atheroembolic renal disease. Lancet. 2010; 375(9726):1650–1660. 4. Turina S, Mazzola G, Venturelli C, et al. [dovepress.com]

Pathophysiologic considerations Septic embolism is most commonly associated with IE, septic thrombophlebitis, periodontal and various systemic infections, as well as central venous catheter and implanted device infections [ 2 ]. [intechopen.com]

Rifampicin-associated acute renal failure: pathophysiologic, immunologic, and clinical features. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;31:108-15. [PubMed] 1 1. Lomaestro BM. Fluoroquinolone-induced renal failure. Drug Saf 2000;2: 479-85. [PubMed] 12. [antimicrobe.org]

Pathophysiology Key components of cholesterol embolism syndrome include the following: Proximal large-caliber arterial plaque Plaque rupture with embolization of debris Mechanical occlusion of small arteries Intense foreign-body inflammation End-organ [emedicine.medscape.com]

Dysfunction as a Predictor of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Validation of the R(2)CHADS(2) Index in the ROCKET AF (Rivaroxaban Once-daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition Compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention [research.ed.ac.uk]

Prevention Embolism can be prevented in high risk patients through antithrombotic drugs such as heparin, venous interruption, gradient elastic stockings, and intermittent pneumatic compression of the legs. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Other important preventive measures include, secondary prevention of atherosclerotic risk factors, avoiding anticoagulant therapy, forbidding any new radiologic and/or vascular surgery procedure (8). [thefreelibrary.com]