PTHrp-induced hypercalcaemia is associated with a grave prognosis, with a mean survival of 65 days from presentation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Inflammation

  The pathogenesis of carcinoma of the renal pelvis in the presence of XPN is related to obstruction, chronic inflammation, and mechanical irritation caused by calculi. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Pre-existing squamous metaplasia with longstanding chronic inflammation is typically present and, presumably, gives rise to the tumors. Squamous metaplasia. [med-ed.virginia.edu]

  Exposure to certain drugs; phenacetin, cyclophosphamide Chronic inflammation Clinical features Painless haematuria is by far the most common presentation. In some cases, pain may occur due to clot retention. [almostadoctor.co.uk]

  In addition, chronic irritation, inflammation and infection from these stones can cause squamous metaplasia of the renal pelvis epithelium that may progress to squamous cell carcinoma [ 2 ]. [karger.com]

  Risk factors for urothelial cancer Nicotine abuse Prolonged (occupational) exposure to carcinogens (e.g., aromatic amines like benzidine and aniline dye ; azo dye, heavy metals ) Chronic inflammation of the urinary tract (e.g., chronic/ recurrent UTI [amboss.com]

• Chronic Infection

  Chronic infection associated with stone disease and obstruction has been related to the development of upper urinary tract SCC. [synapse.koreamed.org]

  Thus, urothelial carcinomas are more common in the context of chronic urinary stone disease, chronic catheterization (as in patients with paraplegia or multiple sclerosis ), and chronic infections. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Diarrhea

  Cells that line the digestive system: Chemotherapy can cause a poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, or mouth and lip sores. Your health care provider can give you medicines and suggest other ways to help with these problems. [urologyhealth.org]

  […] absorption spectrum of the intestinal mucosa is very specific → exsiccosis, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis Formation of urinary stones Secondary malignant diseases Complications associated with the required intestinal resections ( malabsorption, diarrhea [amboss.com]

  Table 5 Side Effects of Radiation Therapy in 67 Patients Gastrointestinal Anorexia 34(50.7%) 2(3.0%) 2(3.0%) 0 Vomiting 19(28.4%) 3(4.5%) 0 0 Diarrhea 18(26.9%) 4(6.0%) 0 0 Bladder Spasms 35(52.2%) 4(6.0%) 2(3.0%) 0 Bone marrow WBC 23(34.3%) 10(14.9%) [bmccancer.biomedcentral.com]

  Side effects of TKIs may include diarrhea, high blood pressure, and tenderness and sensitivity in the hands and feet. mTOR inhibitors. [cancer.net]

• Back Pain

  Cutaneous Metastases From Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis: A Case Report Abstract A 73-year-old female patient presented with left back pain. [wjnu.org]

  These include: blood in the urine persistent back pain fatigue unexplained weight loss painful or frequent urination These symptoms are associated with malignant cancer of the ureter, but they’re also associated with other health conditions. [healthline.com]

  It’s important to see your doctor if you experience: Blood in your urine Urination that’s painful or frequent Back pain that doesn’t go away Extreme fatigue Unexplained weight loss Tests and Diagnosis To determine your condition, your doctor may use a [webmd.com]

  pain x 2 weeks. [npplweb.com]

• Dizziness

  A 73-year-old man was referred to the Sanggye Paik Hospital Emergency Center for evaluation of dizziness and general weakness. He also presented with intermittent, blunt, right flank pain and total gross hematuria lasting 1 year. [synapse.koreamed.org]

• Hematuria

  The patient presented with gross hematuria, which resulted in a diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and tuberculosis of the contralateral kidney. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The two patients with gross hematuria were diagnosed with a tumor in preoperative imaging (CT) and underwent radical nephrectomy. [synapse.koreamed.org]

  Patients often present with painless gross hematuria or irritative voiding symptoms, although some cases are incidentally detected ( microscopic hematuria on urinalysis ). [amboss.com]

• Flank Pain

  He also presented with intermittent, blunt, right flank pain and total gross hematuria lasting 1 year. He was a nonsmoker with no history of urolithiasis. [synapse.koreamed.org]

  […] chest pain, pleural effusion Bone: pain in long bones / vertebrae, pathological fractures Carcinoma of the renal pelvis Ureteral carcinoma Painless gross hematuria throughout micturition Flank pain Urethral carcinoma Painless gross hematuria at the beginning [amboss.com]

  Sagittal US scan shows a large mass of mixed echogenicity (arrows) involving the upper pole and overlying renal parenchyma. 23. 24 June 2014 23 TCC of the renal pelvis in a 43-year-old man with flank pain and hematuria. [slideshare.net]

  SCC with TCC Nephroureterectomy DOD; lung bone and LN metastases 31 months 11) Shimasaki et al., 2005 (13) 61, F Right flank pain, microhematuria, progressive renal dysfunction. [npplweb.com]

  They may also present with dull flank pain or acute renal colic due to obstruction. Transitional cell carcinoma is predominantly a disease of older people. Men are affected three time more often than women. [sonoworld.com]

Urology. 2016; 88:43-8 [ PubMed ] Related Publications OBJECTIVE: To develop an evidence-based approach to the diagnostic workup of suspicious upper urinary tract lesions. [cancerindex.org]

Diagnosis and Staging The most common way in which UTUC is diagnosed is through a workup for hematuria. [hematologyandoncology.net]

The other 13 patients had asked for a conservative treatment approach to be adopted. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

AIM: To investigate the clinical significance of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) expression in the assessment of the pathological outcomes and prognosis of carcinoma of the renal pelvis through examination of ALDH1 expression in pathological specimens [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] case also, no such etiological factor could be identified. [cancerjournal.net]

Epidemiology and etiology of bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1992; 19:421-428. Grant DC, Dee GJ, Yoder IC, Newhouse Sonography of transitional cell carcinoma the renal pelvis. [sonoworld.com]

Cystoscopy and biopsy : direct visualization of urethral and bladder mucosa with possible simultaneous biopsies or therapeutic resections Ultrasound (kidney, ureter, bladder ) : if CT is contraindicated (e.g., pregnant women), or if etiology of hematuria [amboss.com]

ETIOLOGY • Increasing age • Male gender • Most important risk factor is smoking, 2-3 times • Chemical carcinogens (aniline, benzidine, aromatic amine, azo dyes), 24 June 2014 5 6. • Cyclo-phosphamide therapy • Heavy caffeine consumption. • Stasis of urine [slideshare.net]

TERMINOLOGY Abbreviations Urothelial carcinoma of renal pelvis (UCP) Definitions Malignant neoplasm of urothelial (transitional cell) origin involving renal pelvicalyceal system ETIOLOGY/PATHOGENESIS Risk Factors Tobacco smoking is important risk factor [basicmedicalkey.com]

Epidemiology Urothelial cancer ; is the most common tumor of the urinary tract. [amboss.com]

Epidemiology and etiology of bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1992; 19:421-428. Grant DC, Dee GJ, Yoder IC, Newhouse Sonography of transitional cell carcinoma the renal pelvis. [sonoworld.com]

Epidemiology Uncommon before the age of 40, only 5% of cases present before the age of 60. Male to female ratio 4:1 Incidence is about 32 per 100 000 in men, and 10 per 100 000 in women. [almostadoctor.co.uk]

Epidemiology of transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis is similar to those of the rest of the urinary tract: please refer to TCCs of urinary tract for further details. [radiopaedia.org]

[…] inverted tumor growth pattern Upper urinary tract tumors form 3rd most common tumor with microsatellite instability Colon and endometrium are 2 most common sites within hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) related tumors CLINICAL ISSUES Epidemiology [basicmedicalkey.com]

Pathophysiology TCC accounts for more than 90% of renal pelvic tumors; other cancer types seen include squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma. [emedicine.medscape.com]

References Healy KA, Ogan K: Pathophysiology and management of infectious staghorn calculi. Urol Clin North Am 2007;34:363-374. [karger.com]

This aims to reduce bladder recurrence and also prevents tumour progression. 21 Similarly, for UTUC, the concept of postoperative instillation therapy translates to post-RNU bladder instillation. [esmoopen.bmj.com]

These can include: chemotherapy anticancer drugs biological therapies that kill cancer cells or prevent them from growing The outlook for someone diagnosed with cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter depends on a number of factors that your doctor will [healthline.com]

However, adjuvant chemotherapy can reduce bladder recurrence, thereby preventing transurethral resection of recurrent bladder tumors and intravesical therapy. [jcancer.org]

Measures that may help prevent this cancer include: Follow your provider's advice regarding medicines, including over-the-counter pain medicine. Stop smoking. [medlineplus.gov]

Chemotherapy Topical chemotherapy and immunotherapy In bladder cancer, drugs can be inserted in the bladder to prevent cancer from coming back. But they are not often used for renal pelvis or ureteral cancer. [urologyhealth.org]