If you like this presentation, please let the Tanapat Palaga know! If you want to be able to download a copy of this presentation to facilitate classroom use, please contact Eric Martz, specifying the title and author of the presentation. [umass.edu]

The present work is focused on the effects on the retinoidsystem, driven by four xenobiotics, specifically to the retinoid concentrations and expressionof genes involved in their regulation. [tdx.cat]

Abstract We present a review of recent investigations of anticancer drug bexarotene in this article. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pain

  Enthesopathy is one of the potential musculoskeletal sequelae and is characterized by pathologic, sometimes painful changes at the insertion sites (entheses) of tendons, ligaments, and articular capsules into bone. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Plus: Flu-like symptoms, bleeding problems, infections, swelling of feet or ankles, pain (bone and joint pain, chest discomfort), abdominal pain. [truthinaging.com]

  Dry skin or eyes are also possible, as are nosebleeds, muscle and joint pains, and changes in the nails. [cancer.org]

• Malaise

  Anorexia, skin lesions, hair loss, hepatosplenomegaly, papilloedema, bleeding, general malaise, pseudotumor cerebri, and death may also occur. [en.wikipedia.org]

  PubMed Citation (Among 533 patients with psoriasis treated with etretinate, there were 22 reports of hepatic adverse events [4%]; 6 were considered probably related, 7 possibly, 6 unlikely and 3 unclassifiable; 2 patients developed fever, malaise and [livertox.nih.gov]

• Fever

  Side effects of tretinoin include bone pain, dry skin, fever, hair loss, headaches, sweating, itching, nausea, fatigue and vomiting. IT’S NOT FOR USE DURING PREGNANCY. Tretinoin may be dangerous to use while pregnant. [acne.com]

  PubMed Citation (74 year old woman developed fatigue and fever 1 month after starting etretinate [bilirubin normal, ALT 545 U/L, Alk P 265 U/L, eosinophils 14-24%], rapidly improving upon stopping and recurring within one month of restarting). [livertox.nih.gov]

  The following Tretinoin side effects are common (occurring in greater than 30%) for patients taking Tretinoin: Typical retinoid toxicity include symptoms that are similar to those found in patients taking high doses of vitamin A: Headache, fever, dry [truthinaging.com]

• Cheilitis

  Five patients with chronic invasive aspergillosis were treated for 12-58 weeks with voriconazole, 200 mg twice daily and developed facial erythema and cheilitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Mucocutaneous side effects of acitretin occur in almost all patients to varying degrees and may include cheilitis, dryness of the eyes, nasal and oral mucosa, epistaxis, xerosis, brittle nails, hair loss, and burning or sticky skin. [aad.org]

  The most common adverse effects are a transient worsening of acne (lasting 1–4 months), dry lips (cheilitis), dry and fragile skin, and an increased susceptibility to sunburn. [en.wikipedia.org]

  • Prospective, observational, intervention study • 116 participants, 12-month follow-up survey Lower-dose treatment group ( 220 mg/kg) p value Relapse rate 47.4 % 26.9 % 0.03 Retinoid dermatitis 31.6 % 53.8 % 0.02 Cheilitis and xerosis 100 % 100 % Other [de.slideshare.net]

• Hypertension

  Cyclosporin induced hypertension: incidence,pathogenesis and management. Drug Saf 1999;20:437-49. Roenigk HH Jr, CallenJP, Guzzo CA, Katz HI, Lowe N, Madison K, et al. Effects of acitretin on theliver. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:584-8. [aad.org]

  [Portal hypertension and hypervitaminosis A. Apropos of 2 cases and review of the literature]. Rev Med Interne 1991; 12: 295-8. French. [livertox.nih.gov]

  Diabetes mellitus Hyperuricaemia Psychiatric Depression Aggravated depression Aggressive tendencies Anxiety Mood alterations Abnormal behaviour Psychotic disorder Suicidal ideation Suicide attempt Suicide Nervous system Headache Benign intracranial hypertension [en.wikipedia.org]

• Bone Pain

  Side effects of tretinoin include bone pain, dry skin, fever, hair loss, headaches, sweating, itching, nausea, fatigue and vomiting. IT’S NOT FOR USE DURING PREGNANCY. Tretinoin may be dangerous to use while pregnant. [acne.com]

  By the time enough is taken to achieve a clinical benefit, side effects such as headaches, bone pain, and bone changes begin to occur. [firstskinfoundation.org]

  Plus: Flu-like symptoms, bleeding problems, infections, swelling of feet or ankles, pain (bone and joint pain, chest discomfort), abdominal pain. [truthinaging.com]

• Photophobia

  Benign intracranial hypertension Convulsions Drowsiness Dizziness Eye Blepharitis Conjunctivitis Dry eyes Eye irritation Blurred vision Cataract Colour blindness Contact lens intolerance Corneal opacity Decreased night vision Keratitis Papilloedema Photophobia [en.wikipedia.org]

• Alopecia

  Abstract Although the mechanisms of follicular regression in androgenetic alopecia are not fully understood, retinoids may be important in changing the status of regressing follicles. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Moreover, he was conspicuous for the presence of total alopecia of the scalp and eyebrows. Histopathologically, the lesional skin showed dense follicular and perifollicular infiltrates of atypical lymphocytes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Other non-FDA approved indications that have been reported in the literature include treatment of verruca vulgaris, molluscum contagiosum, Darier disease, photoaging, pigmentary disorders, actinic keratoses and alopecia areata.[4] A study has concluded [en.wikipedia.org]

  Severely impaired liver or kidney function Chronic abnormally elevated blood lipid values Toxicity Cheilitis Alopecia Xerosis, pruritus Xerophthalmia, night blindness Dry mouth Paronychia Paresthesias Headache, pseudotumor cerebri Nausea, abdominal pain [aad.org]

  PubMed Citation (Extensive review of the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and toxicity of acitretin; vitamin A like side effects are common such as dry skin, lips, eyes and nose, skin desquamation, alopecia, fatigue and pruritus; ALT elevations occur [livertox.nih.gov]

• Irritability

  (Low Strength, Moderate Irritation) Retinol 0.5% in Squalane (Moderate Strength, High Irritation) Retinol 1% in Squalane (High Strength, Very High Irritation) The Granactive Retinoid collection uses the same delivery system for the same active ingredient [adorebeauty.com.au]

  The two primary reasons the use of retinoids is not universal are issues surrounding irritation potential and stability. [cosmeticsandtoiletries.com]

  Strength, No to Low Irritation) Retinol 0.2% in Squalane (Low Strength, Moderate Irritation) Retinol 0.5% in Squalane (Moderate Strength, High Irritation) Retinol 1% in Squalane (High Strength, Very High Irritation) This product uses next-generation [theordinary.com]

• Headache

  While chelitis, xerosis, ocular sicca, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, hyperlipidemia are the most common side effects, teratogenicity and depressive symptoms are the most concerning ones. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  You should notify your doctor if you get headaches. If you are pregnant or are considering having a child, discuss this with your doctor before starting this medication. [rheumaderm-society.org]

  Neurologic symptoms include headache, drowsiness, blurred vision ( source ). [truthinaging.com]

  Side effects of tretinoin include bone pain, dry skin, fever, hair loss, headaches, sweating, itching, nausea, fatigue and vomiting. IT’S NOT FOR USE DURING PREGNANCY. Tretinoin may be dangerous to use while pregnant. [acne.com]

  By the time enough is taken to achieve a clinical benefit, side effects such as headaches, bone pain, and bone changes begin to occur. [firstskinfoundation.org]

• Seizure

  Our data support the role of RORB gene variants/CNVs in neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy, and especially in generalized epilepsies with predominant absence seizures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Convulsions

  […] mellitus Hyperuricaemia Psychiatric Depression Aggravated depression Aggressive tendencies Anxiety Mood alterations Abnormal behaviour Psychotic disorder Suicidal ideation Suicide attempt Suicide Nervous system Headache Benign intracranial hypertension Convulsions [en.wikipedia.org]

Treatment options for acne vulgaris have expanded considerably in the past decade. The main goals of treatment continue to be reducing acne lesions while maintaining patient satisfaction and adherence to treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Uses[edit] Retinoids are used in the treatment of many diverse diseases and are effective in the treatment of a number of dermatological conditions such as inflammatory skin disorders,[citation needed] skin cancers,[citation needed] disorders of increased [en.wikipedia.org]

The Role of Topical Retinoids in Prevention and Treatment of Atrophic Acne Scarring: Understanding the Importance of Early Effective Treatment. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019 Mar 1;18(3):255-260. PubMed PMID: 30909329. Journal. [dermnetnz.org]

On the basis of their data, the authors recommended at least two to three months of treatment for significant improvement to be noted. The literature shows that retinol has potentially beneficial effects in the treatment of aged skin. [doi.org]

Kaplan-Meier method and Cox's regression analyses were performed to evaluate the prognosis of 60 patients with EC. RESULTS: RXRα was elevated in EC tissues comparing with normal esophageal tissues at both mRNA and protein levels. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control* Male Mice, Inbred C57BL Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/prevention & control* RNA Interference Retinoids/pharmacology* Substances Atg16l1 protein, mouse Carrier Proteins [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sherman SI (2003) Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations for central hypothyroidism associated with bexarotene therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma 3:249–252 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 55. [link.springer.com]

On the basis of epidemiologic data, an increased risk seems to exist at a daily intake of 10000-25000 IU. An average liver meal can contain 10- to 30-fold higher amounts of vitamin A than the recommended daily intake. [digibib.tu-bs.de]

Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of psoriasis. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 6, 2013. Armstrong AW, et al. [web.archive.org]

There is a wealth of epidemiological and molecular evidence suggesting that retinoids repress HIV-1 expression. [jvi.asm.org]

Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(2 pt 3):S34–7. ... 2. Krowchuk DP, Stancin T, Keskinen R, Walker R, Bass J, Anglin TM. [aafp.org]

Targeting all the pathophysiologic processes in acne development, Iso has been considered to be an unique drug, however it has several side effects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Louis, MO 63110, USA. 4 Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain. * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] 要約 レチノイドX受容体α（RXRA）は、さまざまな血液学的過程に関与している。 [cosmobio.co.jp]

Retinol for acne is a great way to both minimise active breakouts and prevent future breakouts from occurring. [adorebeauty.com.au]

We previously showed that expression of CYP26 in BM stromal cells maintains a retinoic acid-low (RA-low) microenvironment that prevents the differentiation of normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

and confirmed that an update of measures for pregnancy prevention is needed. [ema.europa.eu]