A new study presented February 7 at the American Society for Microbiology’s Biothreats meeting reveals a ricin antidote that, in mice, works even days after exposure to the toxin. [sciencenews.org]

The rapid tests indicate whether components of the castor bean are present in the environmental sample and whether ricin toxin is present. If both yield a "positive" result, then the presence of ricin can be confirmed. [news.nationalgeographic.com]

"Since many of the toxicologists in my branch at the CDC were also practicing emergency medicine physicians we decided to focus on the clinical presentation and management of ricin toxicity, based on route of exposure," she said. [app1.unmc.edu]

• Military Personnel

  Vaccines to prevent poisoning in individuals such as military personnel are also under development. [britannica.com]

  Mass casualties could result from food adulteration but also from inhalation of aerosolized toxin; SEB was developed for use as an aerosol to cause incapacitation in military personnel. [merckmanuals.com]

  A vaccine has recently been successfully tested in animals and human volunteers 6 and might be given to military personnel where biological warfare agents are a potential threat. [forensicmag.com]

• Anemia

  Nevajda, and Rajko Kusec pp. 318–320 Abstract Full text PDF Abstract letters Skull metastasis from hepatocellular carcınoma with hepatitis C Fatih Ermis, Memduh Dursun, Ramazan Kurt, and Filiz Akyuz pp. 321–322 Full text PDF Fever of unknown origin, anemia [annsaudimed.net]

• Cough

  All exposures typically develop fever, coughing and gastrointestinal complications. [globalsecurity.org]

  In survivors, fever may persist up to 5 days and cough for 4 wk. Specialized toxin assays may help confirm the diagnosis. Treatment is supportive. [merckmanuals.com]

  Symptoms of ricin poisoning can include anything from difficulty breathing, fever, cough, nausea and sweating to severe vomiting and dehydration. "We did have enough ricin to be of concern," said Capt. [cnn.com]

  Ricin poisoning will create flu-like symptoms within a few hours, including fever, vomiting and coughing. Ultimately it can cause the lungs, liver, kidneys and immune system to fail. Death can occur within three days. [news.bbc.co.uk]

  A person would experience trouble breathing, fever, cough and nausea, a build up of fluid in the lungs, and eventually respiratory failure. [articles.latimes.com]

• Tachypnea

  Parenteral exposure results in fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, hepatitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, myocardial injury, cerebral edema, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression. [centerforhealthsecurity.org]

• Vomiting

  Gastric ingestion of ricin causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps and dehydration. [ehs.unc.edu]

  If the dose was sufficient and the disease has progressed, vomiting blood or passing bloody diarrhea or dark-colored tarry stools may occur. [emedicinehealth.com]

  All reported serious or fatal cases of castor bean ingestion have taken approximately the same course: rapid onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and severe diarrhea with vascular collapse. [globalsecurity.org]

  Ricin poisoning will create flu-like symptoms within a few hours, including fever, vomiting and coughing. Ultimately it can cause the lungs, liver, kidneys and immune system to fail. Death can occur within three days. [news.bbc.co.uk]

  Symptoms of injection with ricin include: Pain and swelling at the injection site Flulike symptoms Nausea Vomiting Body aches. As time passes, symptoms become more severe, and a life-threatening syndrome can develop. [webmd.com]

• Nausea

  All reported serious or fatal cases of castor bean ingestion have taken approximately the same course: rapid onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and severe diarrhea with vascular collapse. [globalsecurity.org]

  Fever, chest tightness, cough, nausea, and joint pain may occur. Ricin can cause cell death in the respiratory system and eventual respiratory failure. [science.jrank.org]

  Symptoms of ricin poisoning can include anything from difficulty breathing, fever, cough, nausea and sweating to severe vomiting and dehydration. "We did have enough ricin to be of concern," said Capt. [cnn.com]

  As with wound botulism, neurologic symptoms (typically bilaterally symmetrical descending paralysis with mydriasis) without nausea, vomiting, cramping, or diarrhea would be expected 12 to 36 h (range 2 h to 8 days) after exposure. [merckmanuals.com]

• Diarrhea

  All reported serious or fatal cases of castor bean ingestion have taken approximately the same course: rapid onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and severe diarrhea with vascular collapse. [globalsecurity.org]

  As with wound botulism, neurologic symptoms (typically bilaterally symmetrical descending paralysis with mydriasis) without nausea, vomiting, cramping, or diarrhea would be expected 12 to 36 h (range 2 h to 8 days) after exposure. [merckmanuals.com]

  If the poison was ingested or injected, the victim can experience diarrhea, bloody vomit and urine, seizures, and failure of the kidneys, liver, spleen and/or heart. [mentalfloss.com]

  Mild poisoning from ingesting ricin can result in nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, said Dr. Audi, but if it is inhaled the onset of illness will occur in eight hours and can progress to respiratory distress and death. [app1.unmc.edu]

  If ingested, main symptoms within the first hours are stomach ache, gastroenteritis, bloody diarrhea and vomiting. Over the course of the first days after exposure, the victim may experience symptoms of dehydration and low blood pressure. [science.howstuffworks.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  It may cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. Eventual complications include cell death in the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and central nervous system. [science.jrank.org]

  Ricin-related symptoms include fever and nausea, which progresses to severe abdominal pains and fits. Victims die from multiple organ failure and there is no known antidote or vaccine. [theguardian.com]

  If ricin is ingested, initial symptoms include nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. The symptoms of ricin poisoning are likely to rapidly progress over 12-24 hours to include problems such as severe dehydration, as well as kidney and liver problems. [city.milwaukee.gov]

• Abdominal Cramps

  All reported serious or fatal cases of castor bean ingestion have taken approximately the same course: rapid onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and severe diarrhea with vascular collapse. [globalsecurity.org]

  Gastric ingestion of ricin causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps and dehydration. [ehs.unc.edu]

• Foaming at the Mouth

  Just one whiff and you’ll foam at the mouth, fall into a coma, and die. Originally synthesized for use as a pesticide, it was outlawed as a warfare agent in 1997. 5. [wired.com]

• Cyanosis

  70 micrograms ( a grain of salt ) Inhalation toxicity of ricin Aerosol poisoning LD50 is 3 mcg / kg Ricin inhalation symptoms Within 8 hours Acute nasal and throat congestion Pulmonary edema Cyanosis Hypotension Ricin inhalation symptoms Within 36-72 [quizlet.com]

  Patients may experience heavy sweating and pulmonary edema resulting in cyanosis. Low blood pressure and respiratory failure may occur, leading to death. [centerforhealthsecurity.org]

  In severe cases, these symptoms develop: convulsions; cyanosis; collapse (a sharp drop in blood pressure); prostration. [en.intoxication-stop.com]

• Small Hand

  The lethal dose for an adult is around 0.35 to 0.7 milligrams by inhalation (less than the mass of a single grain of sand) and between 1 and 20 mg per kilogram of body weight by ingestion (1mg/kg is about what you’d ingest if you ate a small handful of [mentalfloss.com]

• Hysteria

  According to the newspaper he also ‘diffused tabloid hysteria about the planned ricin attack on the London underground by pointing out that London commuters could in fact swim in ricin without suffering any harm - it was only fatal if injected into the [thepoisongarden.co.uk]

• Seizure

  Dehydration, hallucination, seizures and blood in the urine may result. Death typically occurs on the third day or later after possible liver, spleen or kidney failure. [globalsecurity.org]

  Depending on how a victim was exposed, they could receive breathing assistance, intravenous fluids to combat dehydration, or anti-seizure or blood pressure medication. [thedailybeast.com]

  This could include ventilation to help breathing, giving fluids to help stave off dehydration, and giving medication to stop seizures and raise blood pressure. [businessinsider.com]

  If the poison was ingested or injected, the victim can experience diarrhea, bloody vomit and urine, seizures, and failure of the kidneys, liver, spleen and/or heart. [mentalfloss.com]

  Exposure leads to seizures, cardiac arrest, and death within minutes. 7. Mercury (inhaled) Low levels of mercury are not especially toxic to adults. [wired.com]

Biomedical scientists have been experimenting with ricin as a cancer treatment for decades. The ricin protein is linked to an antibody to form an immunotoxin that attaches only to specific, targeted cells. [mentalfloss.com]

No, treatment is supportive Can't be removed by dialysis Three laboratory tests to detect ricin Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay Polymerase chain reaction HPLC-ESI-MS Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay Antibody that binds to ricin to enable [quizlet.com]

What treatment is to be provided? Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. No antidote is available for the treatment of ricin poisoning. Patients with symptoms should be admitted. [irishhealth.com]

There are no guidelines regarding the treatment of ricin poisoning during pregnancy. Owing to the severity of complications associated with ricin exposure, treatment of the pregnant patient should be the same as for the non-pregnant patient. [medicinesinpregnancy.org]

Severe bleeding leads to shock, a life-threatening complication that requires prompt and aggressive treatment. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

Prognosis If death occurs it is usually within 36-72 hours of exposure. If the victim survives 5 days, death is unlikely. [patient.info]

Future: Prognosis Other diagnoses Differential diagnosis Additional or combination diagnoses Synergism Combined effects of multiple exposures VII. [fpnotebook.com]

Al-Saif pp. 283–287 Abstract Full text PDF Abstract Epidemiological, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of Saudi patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a hospital-based study Waleed Al-hamoudi, Mohamed El-Sabbah, Safiyya Ali, Mansour Altuwaijri [annsaudimed.net]

Although it has been used as a means of assassinating individuals, this would make it difficult to use as an agent of mass warfare. [ 2 ] Pathophysiology Ricin is a toxalbumin that can be extracted from the seeds of the plant. [patient.info]

All About Poisoning • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [cnn.com]

Infection Control Measures Because there is no data on levels of respiratory protection necessary to prevent inhalational intoxication, recommendations are conservative. [centerforhealthsecurity.org]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. . Accessed March 5, 2019. Nunez OF, et al. Ricin poisoning after oral ingestion of castor beans: A case report and review of the literature and laboratory testing. [mayoclinic.org]

Prevention The only effective prevention against the effects of an attack with ricin is avoidance; unfortunately, no antidote or vaccine exists. Currently, studies are ongoing to find possible vaccines and ricin inhibitors. [webmd.com]