Salmonella food poisoning (SFP) is a non-typhoidal infection typically caused by Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella choleraesuis, Salmonella enteritidis and other serotypes of the gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella [1]. The condition follows consumption of contaminated eggs, beef, poultry, milk, fish, vegetables, fruits and processed foods [2] [3] or consumption of food prepared by infected kitchen staff or due to unhygienic contamination from infected animal or human feces [4]. It is the most important cause of mortality amongst foodborne bacterial illnesses.

The symptoms typically appear within 6 hours to 4 days of consumption of contaminated food and are characterized by sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, headaches, fever, and abdominal cramps. The symptoms can last for up to 7 days and are usually self-limiting but some patients may develop severe diarrhea and consequent dehydration requiring hospitalization. Infants, young children less than 2 years of age and the elderly are especially susceptible to severe dehydration. Severe, life- threatening extra-intestinal involvement like bacteremia, meningitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis may occur in a small number of cases [5] [6].

• Fever

  Can I Sue for Typhoid Fever from Food Poisoning with Salmonella Typhi? Yes, if the case of typhoid fever can be linked to a restaurant, retailer or food company. [pritzkerlaw.com]

  Diarrhea Abdominal Cramps Fever of 100 F to 102 F Additional symptoms: Bloody diarrhea Vomiting Headache Body Aches Typhoid Fever Symptoms: Symptoms of typhoid fever appear between 8 and 14 days after eating contaminated food and last anywhere from 3 [foodborneillness.com]

  Two nosological groups should be distinguished: typhoid fever due to S. typhi and S. paratyphi A, B and C, and salmonelloses themselves. Summary Clinical description The germ reservoir for typhoid fever is solely human. [orpha.net]

  Bakery shut down after NSW Health reports dozens at St George and Sutherland hospitals with vomiting, fever and cramps NSW Health says investigations into the source of the food poisoning are under way. [theguardian.com]

• Diarrhea

  The symptoms can last for up to 7 days and are usually self-limiting but some patients may develop severe diarrhea and consequent dehydration requiring hospitalization. [symptoma.com]

  That is to say, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, headaches, fever and abdominal cramps. Salmonellosis typically occurs between 12-36 hours after exposure to the bacteria. Diarrhea is often the first sign, with the other symptoms manifesting soon after. [sickontheroad.com]

  Management Of Salmonella Infection Since the main symptom is watery diarrhea, it may result in dehydration. The treatment focuses on the replacement of fluids and electrolytes that are continuously lost due to diarrhea. [steadyhealth.com]

  NOS ( R19.7 ) functional diarrhea ( K59.1 ) infectious gastroenteritis and colitis NOS ( A09 ) neonatal diarrhea (noninfective) ( P78.3 ) psychogenic diarrhea ( F45.8 ) infectious NOS A09 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code A09 Infectious gastroenteritis and colitis [icd10data.com]

  Call a doctor if anyone in your family has abdominal cramps, diarrhea, or a fever that you think might be related to food poisoning. Related [agricultured.org]

• Vomiting

  Bakery shut down after NSW Health reports dozens at St George and Sutherland hospitals with vomiting, fever and cramps NSW Health says investigations into the source of the food poisoning are under way. [theguardian.com]

  Vomiting is not always present in cases of salmonellosis. In rare cases of invasive infection, the symptoms can become much more severe – for example, if the infection gets into the blood. [sickontheroad.com]

  […] last In adults and children: diarrhoea usually lasts 5 to 7 days vomiting usually lasts 1 to 2 days Diarrhoea and vomiting can spread easily If you have a stomach bug, you could be infectious to others. [nhs.uk]

  Frequent diarrhoea and vomiting may drain the body of fluids, salts and minerals. Dehydration occurs when the patient loses more liquid than they can take in. [netdoctor.co.uk]

• Abdominal Cramps

  Call a doctor if anyone in your family has abdominal cramps, diarrhea, or a fever that you think might be related to food poisoning. Related [agricultured.org]

  The most common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Typical Symptoms of Salmonella infection: Appear 6 to 72 hours after eating contaminated food and last for 3 to 7 days without treatment. [foodborneillness.com]

  The symptoms typically appear within 6 hours to 4 days of consumption of contaminated food and are characterized by sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, headaches, fever, and abdominal cramps. [symptoma.com]

• Nausea

  The symptoms typically appear within 6 hours to 4 days of consumption of contaminated food and are characterized by sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, headaches, fever, and abdominal cramps. [symptoma.com]

  Salmonella symptoms include diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, nausea, headache and stomach cramps and can start between six to 72 hours after the bacteria is ingested. Investigations into the source of the food poisoning were continuing, NSW Health said. [theguardian.com]

  The symptoms of Salmonella infection usually appear 12–72 hours after infection, and include fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sometimes vomiting. The illness usually lasts 4–7 days, and most people recover without treatment. [web.archive.org]

  Symptoms include Fever Diarrhea Abdominal cramps Headache Possible nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite Symptoms usually last 4-7 days. Your health care provider diagnoses the infection with a stool test. Most people get better without treatment. [medlineplus.gov]

  Many people experience nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. You should see a doctor as soon as possible if you think you have a foodborne illness. [inspection.gc.ca]

• Abdominal Pain

  Initial signs are usually abdominal pain, anorexia, meteorism, insomnia and fever that progressively climbs to 40°C within 4 to 7 days. Secondary signs, including prostration and hypertension, are a result of endotoxin releasing. [orpha.net]

  The symptoms of Salmonella infection usually appear 12–72 hours after infection, and include fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sometimes vomiting. The illness usually lasts 4–7 days, and most people recover without treatment. [web.archive.org]

  Arsenic Ingestion of pesticide and industrial chemicals Symptoms usually appear within 1 h after ingestion but may be delayed as long as 12 h Abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, vomiting, skeletal muscle cramps, profound dehydration, and shock may occur [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Symptoms of Food poisoning are: Abdominal pain and cramps Diarrhea at times bloody diarrhea Fever Nausea and vomiting Dehydration in children Central Nervous System involvement in children Diagnosing the cause for a specific line of treatment is essential [avignadiagnostics.com]

• Tachycardia

  Physical examination can be non-specific but may reveal features of dehydration like tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, tenting of skin, and hypotension especially in patients with severe diarrhea. [symptoma.com]

• Headache

  The fever may be as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C) and may be accompanied by stomach pains, headache, weakness or loss of appetite. In some cases, patients have a rash of flat, light red spots. The only way to confirm a S. [pritzkerlaw.com]

  The symptoms typically appear within 6 hours to 4 days of consumption of contaminated food and are characterized by sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, headaches, fever, and abdominal cramps. [symptoma.com]

  Salmonella symptoms include diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, nausea, headache and stomach cramps and can start between six to 72 hours after the bacteria is ingested. Investigations into the source of the food poisoning were continuing, NSW Health said. [theguardian.com]

  Symptoms include Fever Diarrhea Abdominal cramps Headache Possible nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite Symptoms usually last 4-7 days. Your health care provider diagnoses the infection with a stool test. Most people get better without treatment. [medlineplus.gov]

The workup of a patient with SFP begins with a thorough history regarding the onset, duration, and progress of symptoms with information about sources of prior food consumption. Physical examination can be non-specific but may reveal features of dehydration like tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, tenting of skin, and hypotension especially in patients with severe diarrhea. A complete blood count, serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels help to identify the level of dehydration. In severe dehydration, there may be hyponatremic hypochloremic metabolic acidosis with an anion gap and elevated serum BUN and creatinine levels indicative of acute renal dysfunction. The diagnosis can be confirmed by isolating the organism from stools. Staining of stools with methylene blue can show white blood cells (WBCs) which are present in inflammatory bowel disease but not in invasive disease. Stools should also be tested for ova and parasites. Bacterial stool culture with antibiotic sensitivity testing is performed in all cases which have WBCs in the stools. If cultures are negative, then blood cultures are ordered and the result may be positive in cases of bacteremia.

Local public health officials are notified when an outbreak is suspected and they will collect feces, food, or vomitus for testing at their laboratories [7]. Fecal cultures are done on specific culture media to ensure detection of enteropathogens. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) provides current standards for susceptibility testing conditions and criteria for interpretation of results of E. coli, E. tarda, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia spp. [8].

Management and treatment Treatment includes isolation and antibiotic therapy. Vaccination is partially effective against S. typhi and S. paratyphi A and B (50-75% of immunized patients are protected). [orpha.net]

Treatment In most cases, Salmonellosis lasts no longer than a week, and no treatment is needed other than aggressive rehydration. Oral Rehydration Salts play an important role here. [sickontheroad.com]

Salmonella Treatment Salmonella infections generally last 3 to 7 days, and often do not require treatment. People with severe dehydration may need rehydration through an IV. [foodborneillness.com]

Also Read: Salmonellosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention [epainassist.com]

The prognosis for common food poisoning (viral, bacterial) in developing countries is guarded especially for children and the elderly as they often have other health conditions that weaken them and sometimes have little or no access to pathogen-free foods [emedicinehealth.com]

View/Print Table TABLE 3 Etiologic Organisms in Reactive Arthritis Chlamydia trachomatis Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhimurium Shigella flexneri Shigella dysenteriae Campylobacter jejuni Yersinia enterocolitica Clostridia difficile TABLE 3 Etiologic [aafp.org]

Whitehead, Egg age and the growth of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 in egg contents, Epidemiology and Infection, 10.1017/S0950268800056910, 111, 2, (209-220), (2009). J. Dolman and R. G. [doi.org]

Associate Professor Martyn Kirk from the ANU's National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health said outbreaks like that are preventable. [abc.net.au]

Links: epidemiology\transmission pathogenesis clinical course investigations and diagnosis differential diagnosis treatment of salmonellosis prevention salmonella infection in HIV infected individuals enteric fevers [gpnotebook.co.uk]

Home > Epidemiology & Infection > Volume 106 > Issue 03 > Numbers of Salmonella enteritidis in the contents of naturally contaminated hens' eggs Research Article Numbers of Salmonella enteritidis in the contents of naturally contaminated hens' eggs a1 [web.archive.org]

“Epidemiological evidence from investigations of identified localised outbreaks and a large case-control study of community cases indicates that eating raw or runny eggs is a significant cause of illness. [thewest.com.au]

"And we have made a firm commitment to provide guidance, technical assistance and training to advance a food safety culture that puts prevention first." [entrepreneur.com]

These are the cases that are confirmed and reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. So what can you do to prevent Salmonella food poisoning? It actually isn’t that difficult. [agricultured.org]

Prevention should be sought through improved catering practices and kitchen hygiene, and attempts to eradicate salmonellas from laying flocks are likely to be ineffective. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

1. Park K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 21st ed. M/S Banarsidas Bhanot; Jabalpur. 2011; Food poisoning; pp. 216–218.
2. EFSA Report: analysis of the baseline survey on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler batches and of Campylobacter and Salmonella on broiler carcasses in the EU, 2008. Part B: analysis of factors associated with Salmonella contamination of broiler carcasses. EFSA Journal. 2011; 9(2) doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2017
3. EFSA (2010) The community summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in the European Union in 2008. EFSA Journal. 2008; 8: 1496.
4. WHO. World Health Organization, Geneva: Foodborne Disease Outbreaks: Guidelines for Investigation and Control. 2008.
5. Sirinavin S, Jayanetra P, Lolekha S, Layangkul T. Predictors for extraintestinal infection in Salmonella enteritis in Thailand. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988;7:44–48.
6. Wittler RR, Bass JW. Nontyphoidal Salmonella enteric infections and bacteremia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:364–367.
7. Humphries RM, Linscott AJ. Laboratory Diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. January 2015 January; 28: 13-31
8. CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-fourth informational supplement, M100 S24. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA. 2014.