This book presents a brief survey on the bacteriology and parasitology of the eye. Organized into three parts encompassing 20 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the normal histology of the eye. [books.google.com]

Carlson Today’s patient presentation has Fuchs’ Corneal Dystrophy, a visually significant nuclear sclerotic cataract, an elevated Salzmann’s Nodule, and only has one eye. [alancarlsonmd.com]

62-year-old woman presents with 3 years of progressive decrease in vision September 9, 2013 Chief Complaint A 62-year-old woman presents with a 3-year history of painless, progressive loss of vision in both eyes. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

It is our ambition to present a complete survey of all medical phenomena named for a person, with a biography of that person. Disclaimer: Whonamedit? does not give medical advice. [whonamedit.com]

A history or evidence of ocular surface disease was present in 14 of 15 eyes. Removal of the nodule and accompanying pannus or corneal epithelial basement membrane degeneration, provided symptomatic improvement in all patients. [journals.lww.com]

• Fever

  It has usually developed in corneas with a history of phlyctenulosis, trachoma, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, measles, scarlet fever, and various other viral diseases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Etiology: Salzmann's nodular degeneration has been associated with trachoma, interstitial keratitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, ocular trauma, measles, scarlet fever, and previous surgery. [missionforvisionusa.org]

  At 6/12 follow up, Px reported some issues in air-conditioned environments, some issues with mild hay fever, but significantly improved comfort. [contamac-globalinsight.com]

  SND has been shown to co-occur in patients with a history of ocular surface disease, including phlyctenulosis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, interstitial keratitis, trachoma, scarlet fever, measles, and other viral diseases[4]. [eyewiki.aao.org]

  Scarlet fever. Chronic blepharitis. Trichiasis. Peripheral vascularisation of the cornea. Chronic injuries: Extended contact lens use. Previous corneal surgery followed by actinic exposure, recurrent erosions, and chemical or thermal injuries. [nhp.gov.in]

• Pathologist

  SNOMED CT (R) was originally created by The College of American Pathologists. "SNOMED" and "SNOMED CT" are registered trademarks of the IHTSDO." [doctor.am]

• Weakness

  We found a weak correlation between thickness of the nodule and thickness of the epithelium. There was a significant correlation between the thickness of the nodule and total surface thickness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hypertension

  Hypertensive Retinopathy Iris and Ciliary Body Lacrimal System Lens Lids Neuro-Ophthalmology Optic Nerve Orbit Retina Sclera Strabismus, Ocular Motility Disorders Systemic Diseases Vitreous Z Videos Z-iPodcasts Z_Op-Videos Endorsed by iPod Podcasting [atlasophthalmology.net]

  Past Ocular History Myopia, presbyopia, astigmatism Dry eye syndrome, with relief of symptoms with artificial tears No ocular surgeries Medical History Hypertension Medications No ocular medications. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

  Traditional therapy includes: Topical anti-hypertensives to reduce ocular pressure and corneal edema and prevent further damage to the corneal endothelium Topical hyperosmotics to reduce corneal edema Bandage contact lenses to decrease pain of ruptured [odpcli.com]

• Visual Impairment

  Topography is helpful in evaluating the contribution of the nodule to visual impairment. Superficial keratectomy is a successful treatment option, and visually significant recurrence afterward is relatively rare. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

  Some cause severe visual impairment, while a few cause no vision problems and are diagnosed during a specialized eye examination by an ophthalmologist. [en.wikipedia.org]

  The combination of corneal nodules, corneal surface irregularities, and associated refractive error may lead to visual impairment. Visual impairment is progressive and due to an astigmatic defect produced by the nodules. [nhp.gov.in]

  ICE syndrome can result in substantial visual impairment both from corneal oedema and from neuropathy secondary to glaucoma. [patient.info]

  Macular corneal dystrophy (MCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder leading to severe visual impairment. [scinapse.io]

• Progressive Loss of Vision

  62-year-old woman presents with 3 years of progressive decrease in vision September 9, 2013 Chief Complaint A 62-year-old woman presents with a 3-year history of painless, progressive loss of vision in both eyes. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

• Hypertensive Retinopathy

  Retinopathy Iris and Ciliary Body Lacrimal System Lens Lids Neuro-Ophthalmology Optic Nerve Orbit Retina Sclera Strabismus, Ocular Motility Disorders Systemic Diseases Vitreous Z Videos Z-iPodcasts Z_Op-Videos Endorsed by iPod Podcasting Salzmann' s [atlasophthalmology.net]

• Macula

  Anterior chamber: Deep and quiet OU Iris: Normal architecture OU Lens: OD: 2-3 nuclear sclerosis OS: 1-2 nuclear sclerosis Vitreous: Normal OU Dilated Fundus Exam Disc: Normal, cup-to-disc ratio 0.3 OU Vessels: Normal OU Macula: Normal OU Periphery: Normal [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

  As a wavefront passes through multiple refractive surfaces, ocular aberrations are induced that prevent individual light beams from focusing at the same point on the macula. [aoa.org]

  Macular degeneration is the degeneration of the macula, or the central part of the retina. Those with that lack of pigment - in the skin and in the eyes - are more susceptible. [highlandophthalmology.com]

  Unchanged lens density and foveal thickness suggest that the lens and macula were not affected after UVA exposure during crosslinking. [aetna.com]

• Photosensitivity

  The individual was treated with lubrication and presented 5 years later with worsening blurry vision and photosensitivity. [dovepress.com]

  Collagen cross-linking involves irradiation of the cornea with UVA irradiation after it has been soaked with riboflavin (vitamin B), a photosensitizer. [aetna.com]

• Contusion

  This book discusses as well the physical injuries in the eye brought about by contusion. [books.google.com]

  […] disorder due to contact lens H18.831 - H18.839 Recurrent erosion of cornea Q13.3 Corneal corneal opacities Q13.4 Other congenital corneal malformations S05.00x - S05.02x Injury of conjunctiva and corneal abrasion without foreign body S05.10x - S05.12x Contusion [aetna.com]

• Neglect

  In rare cases of neglected nodules within the visual axis, anterior stromal haze may compromise the final visual results. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

Clinical examination: A general medical workup is advisable in patients with systemic association of the disease. Examination of eyes should be carried out under slit lamp (bio-microscopy) by an eye specialist. [aimu.us]

Harvey said because these nodules are frequently associated with dry eye, he’ll perform a dry eye workup—Schirmer’s without anesthesia, InflammaDry (Rapid Pathogen Screening, Sarasota, Florida), and tear-breakup time—to determine where the patient stands [eyeworld.org]

In these eyes recurrences seem to occur more frequently after treatment. Of 35 eyes documented to have Salzmann's nodular degeneration during the last 15 years in our department, 22 needed PTK treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Figure 2: Topography before treatment. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

Ideal for ophthalmic practitioners and allied health professionals alike, this indispensable resource is your comprehensive guide for the speedy diagnosis and treatment of the most common eye disorders. [books.google.com]

Treatment: Medical therapy consists of lubrication, warm compresses, lid hygiene, topical steroids, and/or oral doxycycline and has been successful in over half of the patients in some series. [missionforvisionusa.org]

Here, we’ll review current research about the identification and treatment of SND. [reviewofoptometry.com]

This reduces the healing time and improves visual prognosis post-operatively. DSEKs can be used as treatment for conditions such as Fuch’s Endothelial Dystrophy. [lincolneyelaser.com]

Salzmann’s nodular corneal degeneration (SNCD): Clinical findings, risk factors, prognosis and the role of previous contact lens wear. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011 Aug;34(4):173-8. 4. Fario AA, Halperin GI, Sved N, et al. [reviewofoptometry.com]

Indian J Ophthalmol 2 Salzmannæs nodular corneal degeneration (SNCD): Clinical findings, risk factors, prognosis and the role of previous contact lens wear Samer Hamada, Kanupriya Darrad, Peter J. [ijo.in]

Salzmann's nodular corneal degeneration (SNCD): Clinical findings, risk factors, prognosis and the role of previous contact lens wear. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye. 2011;34(4):173-178. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

If identified and treated properly, SND has a positive prognosis. Previously by Dr. [optometrytimes.com]

Therefore, although the etiology remains uncertain, it is thought that SND can be triggered by multiple events that lead to a non-specific corneal tissue reaction based on individual predisposition. [remedicajournals.com]

Etiology: Salzmann's nodular degeneration has been associated with trachoma, interstitial keratitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, ocular trauma, measles, scarlet fever, and previous surgery. [missionforvisionusa.org]

Whereas subtle recurrences are common in most cases over a 5 to 15 year period, visually significant recurrences are uncommon (5 to 20%) and can be minimized with meticulous control of the etiology responsible for the condition [1, 2]. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

DEPENDING UPON ETIOLOGY A] Age related degeneration:- Arcus senilis, Vogt’s white limbal girdle, Hassal-Henle bodies,Mosaic degeneration. [slideshare.net]

Etiology There has not been a specific causal etiology described to date. [eyewiki.aao.org]

In terms of epidemiology, a wide age range in both men and women has been reported. [remedicajournals.com]

metabolism Disease Progression Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary - epidemiology Aged Gelsolin - genetics Mutation Finland - epidemiology Amyloidosis - metabolism Journal Article Details Digital rights Loading Rights Save Investigative ophthalmology & [query.library.utoronto.ca]

Table 2 Epidemiology Onset often around 50 years of age, but has been reported in ages 13-92 [2] Female patients account for 75-90% of all cases [1,2]. Often bilateral [1,2]. [webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu]

Epidemiology 72%-88% of cases occur in females[10]. SND is more common in Caucasian women in the 6th decade of life but can be seen in both males and females of all ages beginning near adolescence[3][7]. [eyewiki.aao.org]

The exact pathophysiological mechanism leading to SND is unclear but is thought to involve poor epithelial protection secondary to chronic corneal irritation, trauma or surgery, breakdown of Bowman’s layer, activation and anterior migration of fibroblasts [dovepress.com]

Pathophysiology One hypothesis suggests that enzymatic destruction of Bowman’s layer results in migration and proliferation of keratocytes from the posterior stroma, resulting in secondary deposition of extracellular matrix components in nodular areas [eyewiki.aao.org]

1p34.3,13pTel-13q12.13, 18q21.2–q21.32, 20p13-p12, 10p11.2 COL8A, SLC4A11, TCF8, TCF4 posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy AD 20p11.2, 1p34.3-p32.3, 10p11.2 COL8A2, TCF8, OVOL2, GRHL2 Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy AR 20p13-p12 SLC4A11 Pathophysiology [en.wikipedia.org]

Pathophysiology: One of the hypotheses suggests that enzymatic destruction of Bowman’s membrane results in migration and proliferation of keratocytes from the stroma, resulting in secondary deposition of extracellular matrix components in nodular areas [nhp.gov.in]

/Avoidable - 0% Emergent - ED Care Needed - Not Preventable/Avoidable - 0% Primary diagnosis of injury 0% Primary diagnosis of mental health problems 0% Primary diagnosis of substance abuse 0% Primary diagnosis of Alcohol 0% Unclassified 100% We Could [medicbind.com]

Some have also advocated the concomitant use of mitomycin-C after surgery aimed at preventing an SND recurrence (Bowers et al, 2003). [clspectrum.com]

[…] vision if located centrally Examination: Superficial, elevated multiple blue-white nodules located at corneal midperiphery Treatment Strategy Removal of corneal lesion (superficial keratectomy) Restoring corneal surface integrity by promoting healing and preventing [biotissue.com]

Ongoing treatment/prevention is aimed at controlling chronic irritation of the eye such as dry eye, blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction. [moyeseye.com]